New records of fruit trees as host for Neosilba species (Diptera, Lonchaeidae) in southeast Brazil

Biota Neotropica 17(1): e20160213, 2017 www.scielo.br/bn ISSN 1676-0611 (online edition) article New records of fruit trees as host for Neosilba species (Diptera, Lonchaeidae) in southeast Brazil Laura Jane Gisloti1*, Manoel A. Uchoa2, Angelo Prado3 Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Rod. Dourados-Itahum, Dourados, MS, Brazil 2 Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, R. João Rosa Góes, 1761 - Vila Progresso, Dourados, MS, Brasil 3 Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, SP, Brazil *Corresponding author: Laura Jane Gisloti, e-mail: 1 GISLOTI, L. J., UCHOA, M. A., PRADO, A. New fruit trees host for Neosilba (Diptera, Lonchaeidae) species in southeast Brazil. Biota Neotropica. 17(1): e20160213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2016-0213 Abstract - Fruits of thirty-five cultivated native plant species (19 orders and 12 families) were sampled in farms of fruit production from two municipalities of São Paulo state, Brazil (January 2010 to March 2012) to evaluate species diversity of Neosilba flies. Thirty-one species of plants were the host for Neosilba species while four were not infested. Some aspects of the biology and patterns of species diversity, abundance, infestation rates, puparias viability and the interactions among species of frugivorous flies and their host plants were quantified. Seven species of Neosilba were reared: Neosilba bella Strikis & Prado (4 hosts), Neosilba certa (Walker) (4 hosts), Neosilba glaberrima (Wiedemann) (5 hosts), Neosilba inesperata Strikis & Prado (6 hosts) Neosilba pendula (Bezzi) (15 hosts), Neosilba pradoi Strikis & Lerena (8 hosts) and Neosilba zadolicha McAlpine (26 hosts). The association between the lance flies and the host fruit species is discussed. Keywords: Hosts; Lance Flies; Lonchaeid; Natural history. Novos registros de espécies de plantas hospedeiras para espécies de Neosilba (Diptera, Lonchaeidae) no sudeste do Brasil Resumo: Foram coletados frutos de trinta e cinco espécies de plantas nativas (19 ordens e 12 famílias) de janeiro de 2010 a março de 2012, em pomares de produção de frutos em dois municípios do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, à fim de avaliar a diversidade de espécies de Neosilba. Trinta e uma espécies das plantas amostradas foram colonizadas por espécies de Neosilba, enquanto quatro não estavam infestadas. Foram quantificados alguns aspectos da biologia, dos padrões de diversidade de espécies, abundância, taxas de infestação, viabilidade pupal e aspectos da interação entre espécies de moscas frugívoras e suas plantas hospedeiras. Sete espécies de Neosilba foram criadas: Neosilba bella Strikis & Prado (4 plantas hospedeiras), Neosilba certa (Walker) (4 plantas hospedeiras), Neosilba glaberrima (Wiedemann) (5 plantas hospedeiras), Neosilba inesperata Strikis & Prado (6 plantas hospedeiras) Neosilba pendula (Bezzi) (15 plantas hospedeiras), Neosilba pradoi Strikis & Lerena (8 plantas hospedeiras) e Neosilba zadolicha McAlpine (26 plantas hospedeiras). A associação entre as espécies de Neosilba e as espécies de frutas hospedeiras é discutida. Palavras-chave: frutos hospedeiros; moscas das frutas; lonqueídeos; história natural. Introduction The Neotropical genus Neosilba McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) is comprised of fly species whose larvae feeds on many species of commercially important fruit species (Araújo & Zucchi 2002, Strikis & Prado 2005, Bittencourt et al. 2006). The genus is restricted to the Neotropical region, being known from Caribe, Mexico, and Colombia to Brazil. Forty species were described so far and at least more 60 species are waiting for descriptions (McAlpine & Steyskal 1982, Strikis 2011; Galeano-Olaya & Canal 2012). Although of the economic importance of some species of Neosilba that occur as pests on fruit and vegetables in several countries, such as Colombia (Steyskal 1978, Peñaranda et al. 1986), Peru (Korytkowski & http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2016-0213 Ojeda 1971), Costa Rica (Sánchez et al. 1991), and Brazil, the knowledge of these dipterans is still very scarce (Uchoa et al. 2002). Neosilba species obtains food resource in 113 plant species distributed in 39 families: Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Arecaceae, Bignoniaceae, Bombacaceae, Cactaceae, Caricaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Combretaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Ebenaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Gnetaceae, Lauraceae, Lecythidaceae, Loganiaceae, Loranthaceae, Malpighiaceae, Malvaceae, Melastomataceae, Moraceae, Musaceae, Myrtaceae, Olacaceae, Oxalidaceae, Passifloraceae, Rhamnaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapotaceae, Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, Verbenaceae, and Vitaceae, confirming the relevance of this genus of fruit flies to tropical fruit and horticulture production (McAlpine http://www.scielo.br/bn Biota Neotrop., 17(1): e20160213, 2017 2 Gisloti, L.J. et al. & Steyskal 1982, Raga et al. 1996, Raga et al. 2015, Araújo & Zucchi 2002; Uchoa et al. 2012). Studies on the biology and ecology of economically important species of fruit flies have contributed for the management and control of agricultural pests (Carey 1993, Vargas et al. 2001, Papadopoulos et al. 2002). Integrated pest management has been more difficult by the lack of basic studies on taxonomy, biology, and ecology. In Brazil, records on the genera of Lonchaeidae associated with fruits are scarce. Regional surveys are very important because they can provide basic information for managing insect pest populations and their natural enemies (Uchoa et al. 2002). Our hypothesis is that there are new associations between Neosilba species and native host fruit species in the southeast of Brazil. The aim of this study was to provide original information on fruit infestation rates, puparia’s viability and interactions with species of host plants by Neosilba species in fruits sampled in the southeast of Brazil. Material and Methods Characterization of the study area. These orchards are located in an important fruit producing area in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. According to Setzer (1976), the regions are inserted in a climatic transition between very humid subtropical with marked dry seasons (Mu-Cw), with mean temperatures around 24ºC and minimum temperatures around 16ºC in the summer. Mean annual precipitation is about 1,300 mm/year and the predominant soil type in the studied areas is Latosol with good aeration, permeability and drainage. Collecting of the Host Fruits. Fruits from 35 species (Table 1) were sampled from January 2010 to March 2012, in fruit farms from the municipalities of Campina do Monte Alegre (23º 53’ 37” S, 48º 51’ 06” W, 612m) (site 1), and Paraibuna (23º 27’ 94” S, 45º 42’ 88” W, 647m) (site 2). On a monthly basis fruits were collected from each studied area. The mature fruits were collected directly from the plant and the amount of Pupae (n) Emerged adults N. bella N. certa N. glaberrima N. inesperata N (...truncated)