Characterization of Essential Oil and Antioxidant Activities of Some Species of Salvia in Turkey

Nat. Volatiles & Essent. Oils, 2016; 3(4): 1-7 Göze et al. RESEARCH ARTICLE Characterization of Essential Oil and Antioxidant Activities of Some Species of Salvia in Turkey İsmihan Göze1, Nilüfer Vural2 and Nazlı Ercan3* 1 Göze Pharmacy, Çarşıbaşı Cd. 7, Sivas, TURKEY Department of Chemical Engineering, Ankara University, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara, TURKEY 3 Department of Biochemistry, Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas, TURKEY 2 *Corresponding author. Email: Abstract In this present study, the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Salvia aethiopis, Salvia blepharochlaena and Salvia euphratica collected from Turkey were evaluated According to the GC-MS analyses, 20 components (representing 98.2%) were characterized in the essential oil of S. aethiopis. The major compounds of this essential oil were determined as α-copaene (18,2%), α-cubebene (12,4 %), spathulenol (12.3%), respectively. The main components of the S. blepharochlaena essential oil were determined as 1,8-cineole (26.8 %), cis-ocimene (15.3 %) and β-pinene (7.9%), respectively. Main components of S. euphratica oil were characterized as cis-sabinol (21.9 %), myrcenyl acetate (17.5 %), and 1,8 cineole (9.5 %). Antioxidant activity evaluations by β-carotene and radical scavenging assays showed that Salvia sp. essential oils prevent linoleic acid oxidation up to 19, 22, and 21%, respectively. Keywords: Salvia aethiopis, Salvia blepharochlaena, Salvia euphratica, essential oil, antioxidant activity Introduction Medicinal and aromatic plants and their products have been used in medicines and cosmetics since time immemorial (Davis et al 1988; Demirci et al., 2005). With approximately 900 taxa, the genus Salvia L. is one of the important genera of Lamiaceae. The genus is represented by 94 taxa belonging to 89 species with about an 50% endemism ratio in Turkey (Baytop, 1999; Dönmez et al., 2001). Some members of this species are also economically important since they are utilized largely in culinary foods, cosmetics and as traditional medicines (Baytop, 1999). The Salvia species are known as popular folk medicines, and are widely utilized in Anatolia where they are used against cold, stomach aches or sore throat among other uses (Baytop, 1999; Kintzios 2000; Ulubelen, 2003). Most commonly, S. officinalis is traditionally used to treat the symptoms of various digestive problems (Kintzios, 2000; Mirza and Sefidkon, 1999; Sefidkon and Mirza, 1999; Sefidkon and Khavi, 1999). The phytochemical compositions of Salvia sp. are studied and reported extensively, S. aethiopis volatiles were previously reported (Mirza and Sefidkon, 1999; Sefidkon and Mirza, 1999; Sefidkon and Khavi, 1999; Ulubelen, 2003; Tepe et al, 2006). The aim of this present study was to investigate the chemical compositions of Turkish S. aethiopis L., S. blepharochlaena Hedge et Hub.-Mor., S. euphratica Monbret et Aucher ex Bentham var. euphratica essential oils and their in vitro antioxidant activities. Materials and Methods S. aethiopis was collected from Imranlı, Boğanak village (1400m), S. blepharochlaena was collected from Imranlı, Söğütlü village (1550m). S. euphratica var. 1 Nat. Volatiles & Essent. Oils, 2016; 3(4): 1-7 Göze et al. euphratica was collected from Divriği, Çayözü village (1500 m). The plants were collected during flowering . Voucher specimens were identified by Dr. Erol Dönmez of the Department of Biology, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, and are deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Biology (CUFH-Voucher No: ED 11006-11008-11009). Essential oil isolation The air-dried and finely ground aerial parts of S. aethiopis, S. blepharochlaena and S. euphratica were subjected to water distillation for 3 hours by the Clevenger distillation system with yields of 0.1 %, 0.2 %, 0.2 %, resp.). The essential oils obtained were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and kept at +4° C until further analyses and experiments. Gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis GC-MS-QP5000 (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), equipped with a 70 eV EI quadrupole detector and a GL Sciences (Tokyo, Japan) capillary column TC-5 (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 μm film thickness) was used. Helium was used as carrier gas and flow rate was set at 1.2 mL/min. The column temperature was initially set at 50 °C for 3 min., then raised to 280 °C at a ratio of 3 °C/min. for 5 min. Diluted sample in an amount of 1.0 μL [1:15 (v/v), in acetone] were injected. The chromatographically separated compounds were characterized both by using commercial standard compounds and common GC/MS libraries (NBS5K, Adams, 1995). Radical scavenging assay 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay was used for the antioxidant activity by radical scavenging potential of the test samples. The tests were performed in triplicates as previously described (Burits and Bucar, 2000; Cuendet et al, 1997). β-Carotene-linoleic acid assay Using the β-carotene method antioxidant capacity was determined by measuring the inhibition of the essential oil and extract samples where the linoleic acid oxidation was measured as previously reported (Dapkevicius et al., 1998, Tepe et al. 2006, Yumrutas et al. 2012). Results and Discussion In the oil from aerial parts of S. aethiopis, 20 components were characterized representing 98.2% of the total constituents. The constituents of the volatile fraction of S. aethiopis and their percentages are given in Table 1. α-Copaene (18.2%), α-cubebene (12.4%), spathulenol (12.3%), germacrene-D (8.2%) were the main constituents detected. In the oils of S. blepharochlaena and S. euphratica, as shown in Table 1, the main components were 1,8-cineole (26.8%), cis-ocimene (15.3%), β-pinene (7.9%), respectively. Whereas in the oil of S .blepharochlaena and S. euphraticta the main components of were cis-sabinol (21.9%), myrcenyl acetate (17.5%), 1,8-cineole (9.5%), respectively. There are a number of studies on the composition of the essential oil of S. aethiopis; Chalchat et al. (2001) reported that germacrene D (10.9%) and caryophyllene oxide (6.4%) were the main constituents of S. aethiopis essential oil from Serbia. Rustajian et al. (1999) reported spathulenol (8.3%), α-copaene (16.3%), βcubebene (9.7%), β-caryophyllene (17.0%), and germacrene D (13.8%); Morteza-Semnani et al. (2005), reported similar composition, however, α-copaene (15.5%), β-caryophyllene (24.6%), germacrene D (13.5%) as main components from Iranian samples. 2 Nat. Volatiles & Essent. Oils, 2016; 3(4): 1-7 Göze et al. Velicovich and co-workers reported α-copaene (22.4% in leaf), germacrene D (13.5%), spathulenol (20.1% in stem), and bicyclogermacrene (29.0% in flower) as main components (Velikovic et al., 2003). In the other study Velickovic et al., (2002) reported that the ethanol extracts of the flower, stem and leaf of S. pratensis, S. glutinosa and S. aethiopis have some common contents, such as: β-caryophyllene, 1,8-c (...truncated)