Phenolic Profile and Cholinesterase, Tyrosinase, Urease and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition Potentials of Artemisia argyi from Ordu, Turkey

Celal Bayar University Journal of Science Volume 15, Issue 1, 2019, p 29-33 Doi: 10.18466/cbayarfbe.430835 M. Çol Ayvaz Phenolic Profile and Cholinesterase, Tyrosinase, Urease and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition Potentials of Artemisia argyi from Ordu, Turkey Melek Çol Ayvaz* Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Arts, Ordu University, 52200 Ordu, Turkey. * Received: 05 June 2018 Accepted: 18 January 2019 DOI: 10.18466/cbayarfbe.430835 Abstract The present study was designed to reveal a natural resource that could cure for today’s major diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson and bacterial infection. Furthermore, oxidative stress resulting from lipid peroxidation is a precursor for many diseases. Therefore, anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, antiurease activities and the inhibition potential on lipid peroxidation of methanolic extract of Artemisia argyi collected from Ordu region were tested. The inhibition ratio of extract at 0.3 mg/mL concentration for asetylcholinesterase and butrylcholinesterase were calculated as 8.45 and 10.68%, respectively. IC50 values for tyrosinase and urease inhibition properties were also found as 0.505 mg/mL and 0.225 mg/mL. The all obtained values were compared with known corresponding inhibitors such as galantamine, kojic acid and thiourea. Besides these, 0.1 mg/mL of the extract prevented lipid peroxidation in the ratio of 7.19%. In the scope of this study, the phenolics of the leaves of A. argyi were also analyzed by using HPLC system and pyrogallol was identified as the major component with the 30.16 mg/kg concentration. On the other hand, benzoic acid was not detected in extract. According to obtained results, A. argyi from Ordu, has the proposed characteristics that it can be a natural resource that can be used in the field of medicine for treatment of various diseases especially Alzheimer and Parkinson, in the cosmetic industry for the elimination of skin problems and in the agricultural field in order to prevent the loss of nitrogenous components. Keywords: Artemisia argyi, Helicobacter pylori, enzyme inhibition, melanogenesis, phenolics, One of the abnormal conditions is that the overexpression of the enzyme. In similar cases, restricting the enzyme activity by enzyme inhibitors which are molecules that have pharmacological effects thanks to their inhibition character on particular enzymes is the best approach for treatment. A great source of bioactive molecules with medicinal value to treat many diseases thanks to their inhibition potentials on several enzymes are hidden in nature. So studying and development of enzyme inhibitors is one way to find new drugs. 1. Introduction The Artemisia species, the largest and most widely distributed genus from Anthemideae tribe of the Asteraceae family, have more than 500 taxa. Artemisia species are considered as important medicines throughout the world thanks to their phytochemical content depending on chemical and biological properties. Antitumor, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, antimutagenic, antimalarial, antihypertensive, anti-histaminic, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral and anticoagulant/antiplatelet effects of Artemisia species can be considered as health benefits [1]. However, these features vary between different Artemisia species. In addition, environmental factors play a significant role in growth as well as the content of active compounds responsible for these activities. Artemisia argyi, one of the most well-known species, is a herbaceous perennial plant of Compositae artemisia distributing throughout China and used widely as a traditional Chinese medicine [2]. Alzheimer disease (AD) is a major health problem due to its severe, chronic and progressive neurodegenerative character. Especially in developed countries, it is the majority of deaths among the elder population. Despite being known for more than hundred years, treatment strategies of AD are still limited. Among the various treatment methods, the most preferred one is the inhibition of hydrolysis of cholinergic neurotransmitters, acetylcholine and butrylcholine, by cholinesterase inhibitors [3]. Because of abnormal functioning of enzymes causes communicable and metabolic human diseases, enzymes are regarded as drug targets. In this way, these kind of diseases can be treated by regulating enzyme activity. Tyrosinase has an important role in initial step of melanin biosynthesis. Although, melanin plays an important role in protecting the skin, overproduction of 29 Celal Bayar University Journal of Science Volume 15, Issue 1, 2019, p 29-33 Doi: 10.18466/cbayarfbe.430835 M. Çol Ayvaz it can lead to a variety of dermatological disorders including skin cancer. Moreover, recent investigations exhibited the link between many melanogenesis disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. Because tyrosinase may play a role in the human brain for neuromelanin formation. Therefore, to prevent the development of said diseases, inhibition of melanogenesis is one of the most important requirements. So, the clinical need continues for melanogenesis-inhibiting agents. Using of drugs targeting tyrosinase for treating melanogenesis is a classical approach, but many of these have various unwanted side effects [4-6]. According to report of Melguizo-Melguizo et al., [11] despite the essential oil of this plant has been widely studied, the polar fraction which contains mainly phenolic compounds responsible for their biological activity and health benefits has been less searched. In this context, the phenolic component of which we thought might be responsible for said inhibitory potencies of the plant was also investigated. When the literature is carefully examined, it is noteworthy that most studies on enzyme inhibition potentials of Artemisia species concentrate on species other than A. argyi. Furthermore, the lack of the studies on Artemisa species from Turkey, led us to this research. This study ensures an overview on the inhibition potentials of A. argyi on many crucial enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation. Besides these, phenolic profile of the obtained sample was scanned to get information about the phenolics of the methanolic extract. Thus, it was aimed that to contribute to the fields of pharmacology, medicine, cosmetics and agriculture in the direction of the results obtained. Urease which is a key enzyme for nitrogen cycle catalyses the hydrolysis of urea in to CO2 and NH3. Urease has a role in the colonization of Helicobacter pylori in gastric epithelium by adjusting the stomach pH. However, the bacterial infection causes many diseases such as inflammation, pyelonephritis, ulcers and adenocarcinoma. Such diseases can be treated with antibiotic use. However, the increasing resistance of bacteria towards antibiotics requires new approaches in this area. Therefore, inhibition of urease activity is effective on the treatment of H. pylori relat (...truncated)