Diversity and seasonality of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) and their parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae and Figitidae) in orchards of guava, loquat and peach

Diversity and seasonality of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) and their parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae and Figitidae) in orchards of guava, loquat and peach Souza-Filho, MF.a*, Raga, A.a, Azevedo-Filho, JA.b, Strikis, PC.c, Guimarães, JA.d and Zucchi, RA.e a Instituto Biológico, Rod. Heitor Penteado, Km 3, Brandina, CEP 13092-543, Campinas, SP, Brazil b Pólo Regional do Leste Paulista, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios – APTA, Estrada Nelson Taufic Nassif, Km 3, Lambedor, CP 1, CEP 13910-000, Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, Brazil Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, CEP 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil c d Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Rua Dra. Sara Mesquita, 2270, Planalto do Pici, CP 3761, CEP 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola, ESALQ-USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Agronomia, CP 9, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil e *e-mail: Received April 10, 2007 – Accepted June 29, 2007 – Distributed February 38, 2009 (With 3 figures) Abstract This work was carried out in orchards of guava progenies, and loquat and peach cultivars, in Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, Brazil, in 2002 and 2003. Guavas and loquats were bagged and unbagged bi-weekly and weekly, respectively, for assessment of the infestation period. Peach was only bagged weekly. The assays started when the fruits were at the beginning of development, but still green. Ripe fruits were taken to the laboratory and placed individually into plastic cups. McPhail plastic traps containing torula yeast were hung from January 2002 to January 2004 to assess the fruit fly population in each orchard, but only the Ceratitis capitata population is here discussed. Five tephritid species were reared from the fruits: Anastrepha bistrigata Bezzi, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. obliqua (Macquart), A. sororcula Zucchi, and C. capitata, in addition to six lonchaeid species: Neosilba certa (Walker), N. glaberrima (Wiedemann), N. pendula (Bezzi), N. zadolicha McAlpine and Steyskal, Neosilba sp. 4, and Neosilba sp. 10 (both species are in the process of being described by P. C. Strikis), as well as some unidentified Neosilba species. Ten parasitoid species were obtained from fruit fly puparia, of which five were braconids: Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), D. brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus Gahan, and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), and five figitids: Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes), Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead, Lopheucoila anastrephae (Rhower), Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carlton and Kelner-Pillaut), and Trybliographa infuscata Diaz, Gallardo and Uchôa. Ceratitis capitata showed a seasonal behavior with population density peaking at the second semester of each year. Anastrepha and Neosilba species remained in the orchards throughout both years. Keywords: Anastrepha, Ceratitis capitata, Neosilba, host succession, biological control. Diversidade e variação sazonal de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae, Lonchaeidae) e seus parasitóides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Figitidae) em pomares de goiaba, nêspera e pêssego Resumo Este trabalho foi realizado em três pomares em Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, em 2002 e 2003, representados por coleção de progênies de goiabeiras, de cultivares de nespereiras e de cultivares de pessegueiros. O período de infestação foi determinado por meio de ensacamento e desensacamento quinzenal e semanal de goiabas e nêsperas, respectivamente, e pelo ensacamento semanal de pêssegos. Os ensaios iniciaram-se com os frutos verdes (princípio de desenvolvimento). Os frutos maduros foram levados ao laboratório e acondicionados individualmente em copos plásticos. A flutuação populacional de Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) foi avaliada por meio de armadilhas plásticas modelo McPhail Braz. J. Biol., 69(1): 31-40, 2009 31 Souza-Filho MF. et al. com torula em cada pomar, de janeiro/2002 a janeiro/2004. Dos frutos foram obtidas cinco espécies de tefritídeos: Anastrepha bistrigata Bezzi, A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. obliqua (Macquart), A. sororcula Zucchi e C. capitata e seis de lonqueídeos: Neosilba certa (Walker), N. glaberrima (Wiedemann), N. pendula (Bezzi), N. zadolicha McAlpine and Steyskal, Neosilba sp. 4 e Neosilba sp. 10, além de algumas espécies não-identificadas. Foram obtidas 10 espécies de parasitóides, cinco da família Braconidae – Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), D. brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Opius bellus Gahan e Utetes anastrephae (Viereck) – e cinco da família Figitidae – Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes), Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead, Lopheucoila anastrephae (Rhower), Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carlton and Kelner-Pillaut) e Trybliographa infuscata Diaz, Gallardo and Uchôa. Ceratitis capitata apresentou comportamento sazonal com picos populacionais durante o segundo semestre dos dois anos. As espécies de Anastrepha e de Neosilba permaneceram nos pomares durante os dois anos. Palavras-chave: Anastrepha, Ceratitis capitata, Neosilba, sucessão de hospedeiros, controle biológico. 1. Introduction Plant susceptibility to insects depends on the phenological synchrony between both. In turn, a suitable plant for the development of an insect population can often escape herbivory because the insect seasonality does not coincide with the plant susceptible stage (Messina and Jones, 1990). Knowledge about fruit fly species and their respective seasonalities related to host plant phenology is crucial to understand the population dynamics of these insects. Fruit infestation is influenced by its degree of maturation during the fruit fly oviposition period (Messina and Jones, 1990). Foraging differences can be observed, as fruit flies make incursions into fruits of a certain developmental stage. Such information can be obtained by bagging and unbagging fruits throughout their development (Dias and Vásquez, 1993). Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae representatives present a broad array of fly species whose larvae use the pulp of fruits or even other plant tissues as substrate for their development. However, because tephritids have a higher number of species of economic importance, they are more frequently studied worldwide (Aluja and Norrbom, 2000). In Brazil, the fruit fly species of economic importance consist basically of some Anastrepha species and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). In addition to these tephritids, some lonchaeid species have also been considered primary pests in Brazil (Lourenção et al., 1996; Araujo and Zucchi, 2002; Souza-Filho et al., 2002; Uchôa-Fernandes et al., 2003; Aguiar-Menezes et al., 2004; Raga et al., 2004; Souza et al., 2005). Fruit flies are considered key pests in guava (Gould and Raga, 2002). Ten species are associated with guava in Brazil – A. antunesi Costa Lima, A. bahiensis Costa Lima, A. bistrigata Bezzi, A. fraterculus (Wiedeman (...truncated)