The concept of equality and well-being in Marx

47 ESSAY The Concept of Equality and Well-being in Marx Potyara A. P. Pereira University of Brasília (UnB) Translate by Jeffrey Hoff The Concept of Equality and Well-being in Marx Abstract: This article presents Marx’s conceptualization about substantive equality and well-being, which have an organic relation with human needs, labor and true liberty. Because this conceptualization is anchored in premises and criteria that are incompatible with the capitalist understanding of these concepts, the paper uses it as a legitimate reference for the criticism of bourgeois social policy. This is based on the understanding that although Marx did not emphasize the theme of social protection, his vast work includes a type of sociology of well-being that must be unveiled. Keywords: Substantive equality. Human emancipation. Anti-capitalist well-being. Received Aug. 30, 2012. Approved Sept. 12, 2012. R. Katál., Florianópolis, v. 16, n. 1, p. 47-56, jan./jun. 2013 48 Potyara A. P. Pereira Introduction What will be discussed here are the few but not unimportant efforts to detect in Marx1 a type of sociology2 of social well-being, which authorizes adopting it as a legitimate reference for critical analyses of capitalist social policy. This understanding will certainly not be exempt from controversy, given the complex particularity of Marx’s theoretical work and the multiplicity of existing Marxisms – each one considering itself to be the true and only interpretation, if not the pioneer. This is not to mention the unproductive uses of Marx’s work, such as those that reduce it to a type of Oracle of Delphi3 that could provide answers to any question addressed to it. Contrary to this posture, this article seeks to benefit from Marx’s contribution to the theoretical criticism of capitalist social policy, exactly as was initially stated: using it as a legitimate reference (that offers a wealth of respectable insight) and for this reason, one that is free of codifications, oracular knowledge and untouchable interpretations. Understanding that Marx did not create philosophical systems, recipes or scientific models, I am also aware that I will have to confront the following challenges: a) to discover amid an expressive volume of issues dealt with by Marx (many of them sparse and barely visible), his probable sociology of well-being; b) to accept responsibility for any possible errors committed; c) and finally, to risk being framed, by some “disgruntled epigone”4, in some arbitrary typological categorization, among the various ones that exist in relation to Marx’s proposal. The core of the text will address an implicit concept of well-being in Marx associated to his explicit theoretical and political interest in human emancipation (or liberty) from the bondage of capital, mediated by the conquest of real equality, which is contradictorily sought at the heart of capitalism itself. To conduct this discussion I must complete a task that is not recent: understanding the key work of both the young and mature Marx, prepared initially around historic and philosophical issues, and later, related to a political economy that diverged from the classic liberal economists who were influential at the time. This task began in the 1980s5 and continues until today, given the current value of the investigative findings of Marx about the structural and historic determinants of social inequality in capitalism; and also considering the substantial resurgence of the treatment of this theme of inequality and of human needs as one of its references, associated to liberty and autonomy, by authors of intellectual weight such as Mészáros (2007), Gough (2003) and others. Finally, it is fair to indicate that my interest in this instigating and barely explored analytical line, coupled to the stimulating and surprising work of Marx, was triggered by the reading of an old and enlightening essay about social policy by Mishra (1975)6. I am thus indebted to Mishra for the initial (and providential) push into the reflections that follow; while most of the path, particularly the stumbles, are exclusively my own responsibility. The centrality of social inequality for the understanding of the meaning of (social) well-being in Marx Although Marxian theory does not deal explicitly with social policy, at least one reason justifies the adoption of this theory as a reference for analysis of the theme: the fact that social inequality, related to the appearance and maintenance of an indigent proletariat, under the influx of bourgeois exploitation, constituted the basis of empiric support for the Marxian theoretical and political endeavor. Thus, it cannot be said that there are no contributions in Marx’s work that help to elucidate the real movement of capitalist social policy, given that the foundations of Marxian analyses about the accumulation of capital and the domination of the bourgeois state continue to be historically confirmed and are at the essence of the explanation of the rise of this policy. In addition, in his philosophical studies, the question of equality and liberty is recurringly contemplated, which, like his scientific treatment of this question in Capital – whose first volume was written in 1867 – allows identifying Marx’s intellectual and moral commitment to the issue of social well-being. His theories of revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, as well as those concerning the extinction of the state, of capital and of social classes, were not only built upon the reality of capitalist social inequality, but were based on the concept of equality that supported all of his work. This allows the following deduction: with inequality as the justifying fact of bourgeois social policy and equality its idealized parameter, no theory could provide greater support for criticizing this policy than Marxian. This is because, to paraphrase Mishra (1982), it is the only theory that addresses the issue of inequality in a broad form, that is, in its economic, political and social dimensions, and in its capitalist and socialist versions. In addition, given its transformative disposition and, therefore, its commitment to the construction of a truly egalitarian society, this theory is also the only one that at the same time that it offers a wealth of arguments to provide an X-ray of the determinants and effects of social inequality in capitalism, it foresees a solution for its eradication. But, before conducting a review of the contribution of this theory, even if indirectly, bequeathed to the study of capital social policy, it is fitting to explain two concepts that are, clearly or implicitly, central to R. Katál., Florianópolis, v. 16, n. 1, p. 47-56, jan./jun. 2013 The Concept of Equality and Well-being in Marx understanding inequality in bourgeois societies and that, in this text, assume specific connotations: “accumulation” and “legitimation”. In general lines, accumulation is understood as the same historic pro (...truncated)