Vascular flora and phytogeographical links of the Carabaya Mountains, Peru

Revista Peruana de Biología, Jan 2018

Studies of floristic composition and plant species richness in tropical mountains support their recognition as areas of high biological diversity, and therefore of their importance for plant conservation. Here, we present data on the flora of the high Andes of eight sites centered in the Carabaya mountains, and also provide a floristic comparison with nine other floras within Peru and northern Bolivia. The study area includes 506 species of vascular plants, grouped in 203 genera and 66 families. The highest species richness was found in two families: Asteraceae and Poaceae, which collectively encompass 37% of all species. Other important families were Caryophyllaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Brassicaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Gentianaceae, Plantaginaceae and Cyperaceae. The most diverse genera wereSenecio, Calamagrostis, Poa and Nototriche. Perennial herbs were the dominant growth form. The vascular flora of the Carabaya Mountains is closely related to those of other regions of southern Peru. Also, more than half of all vascular plants registered for the Carabaya Mountain occur in the Andean region of Bolivia, which shows the undoubted geophysical and phytogeographical connection of the Carabaya and the Bolivian Apolobamba Mountains. This study also shows that there is still a need for more extensive plant collecting and future exploration, since the Carabaya, as other parts of Peru’s high Andes are subject of dramatic change that may threaten these plant populations.Keywords : High Andean flora; Peru; floristic composition; taxonomy.

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Vascular flora and phytogeographical links of the Carabaya Mountains, Peru

Revista peruana de biología 25(3): 191 - 210 (2018) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v25i3.15228 ISSN-LMountains 1561-0837 Vascular flora and phytogeographical links of the Carabaya Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas UNMSM TRABAJOS ORIGINALES Vascular flora and phytogeographical links of the Carabaya Mountains, Peru Flora vascular y conexiones fitogeográficas de las montañas Carabaya, Perú Paúl Gonzáles 1, Blanca León 1,2,3, Asunción Cano 1,2* and Peter M. Jørgensen 4 1 Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Museo de Historia Natural, Departamento de Dicotiledóneas. Av. Arenales 1256, Lima-14, Perú. 2 Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Investigación de Ciencias Biológicas Antonio Raimondi. 3 Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0530, USA. 4 Missouri Botanical Garden-St. Louis, MO 63166, USA * Corresponding author E-mail Paúl Gonzáles: E-mail Asunción Cano: E-mail Blanca León: E-mail Peter M. Jørgensen: Abstract Studies of floristic composition and plant species richness in tropical mountains support their recognition as areas of high biological diversity, and therefore of their importance for plant conservation. Here, we present data on the flora of the high Andes of eight sites centered in the Carabaya mountains, and also provide a floristic comparison with nine other floras within Peru and northern Bolivia. The study area includes 506 species of vascular plants, grouped in 203 genera and 66 families. The highest species richness was found in two families: Asteraceae and Poaceae, which collectively encompass 37% of all species. Other important families were Caryophyllaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Brassicaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Gentianaceae, Plantaginaceae and Cyperaceae. The most diverse genera were Senecio, Calamagrostis, Poa and Nototriche. Perennial herbs were the dominant growth form. The vascular flora of the Carabaya Mountains is closely related to those of other regions of southern Peru. Also, more than half of all vascular plants registered for the Carabaya Mountain occur in the Andean region of Bolivia, which shows the undoubted geophysical and phytogeographical connection of the Carabaya and the Bolivian Apolobamba Mountains. This study also shows that there is still a need for more extensive plant collecting and future exploration, since the Carabaya, as other parts of Peru’s high Andes are subject of dramatic change that may threaten these plant populations. Keywords: High Andean flora; Peru; floristic composition; taxonomy. Resumen Los estudios sobre la composición florística y riqueza de especies en montañas tropicales apoyan su reconocimiento como áreas de alta diversidad biológica, y, por tanto, de su importancia para la conservación. En este trabajo presentamos datos sobre la flora altoandina de ocho sitios localizados en la Cordillera de Carabaya, proveemos también una comparación florística con otros nueve lugares tanto en Perú como en el norte de Bolivia. El área de estudio incluye 506 especies de plantas vasculares, reconocidas en 203 géneros y 66 familias. Las tasas más altas de riqueza de especies se hallan en dos familias: Asteraceae y Poaceae, que colectivamente abarcan el 37% de todas las especies. Otras familias importantes fueron Caryophyllaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Brassicaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Gentianaceae, Plantaginaceae y Cyperaceae. Los géneros más diversos fueron Senecio, Calamagrostis, Poa y Nototriche. La forma de crecimiento predominante fueron las hierbas perennes. La flora vascular de la Cordillera Carabaya está muy relacionada con otras regiones del sur de Perú. Además, más de la mitad de todas las plantas vasculares registradas para la Cordillera Carabaya se encuentran en la región andina de Bolivia, lo que demuestra la indudable conexión geofísica y fitogeográfica entre las cordilleras Carabaya y Apolobamba de Bolivia. Este estudio también demuestra la necesidad de una extensa colección botánica y futura exploración, desde que Carabaya, como otras partes de los altos Andes del Perú, están sujetos a cambios dramáticos que amenazan las poblaciones de esas plantas. Palabras clave: flora altoandina; Perú; composición florística; taxonomía. Citación: Declaration of authorship Gonzáles P., B. León, A. Cano & P.M. Jørgensen. 2018. Vascular flora and phytogeographical links of the Carabaya Mountains, Peru. Revista peruana de biología 25(3): 191 - 210 (Agosto 2018). doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.15381/rpb.v25i3.15228 The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. The authors state that all participated in the development of the work. PG, BL, AC and PJ: did sampling, drafting of the manuscript, and data analysis. PG and BL: did interpretation and preparation of the final version. Presentado: 26/01/2018 Aceptado: 03/06/2018 Publicado online: 25/09/2018 Journal home page: http://revistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe/index.php/rpb/index © Los autores. Este artículo es publicado por la Revista Peruana de Biología de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Este es un artículo de acceso abierto, distribuido bajo los términos de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), que permite el uso no comercial, distribución y reproducción en cualquier medio, siempre que la obra original sea debidamente citadas. Para uso comercial, por favor póngase en contacto con . Rev. peru. biol. 25(3): 191 - 210 (August 2018) 191 Gonzáles et al. Introduction The high Andes are places of concern due to the foreseeable effects of climate change (Markham et al. 1993, Beniston 1994, Thompson et al. 2006, Conde & Saldaña 2007, Pauli et al. 2003, 2007, Young 2014). In Peru, high Andean sites cover close to 16% of the total country area, and they are highly vulnerable to landscape changes that may affect its vegetation and components (Rodriguez & Young 2000, Young 2011). The urgency for the development of conservation strategies for sites and plant species is widely recognized; however, it faces challenges in relation to the dynamism and complexity of environmental changes and their interactions with human influences (Markham et al. 1993, Fort 2015, Kohler et al. 2014). The Peruvian high Andes (above 3500 m) includes an interesting native vascular flora estimated to consist of more than 2000 plant species (see Jørgensen et al. 2011), of which nearly 32% of them are endemic to Peru. This region has recently seen an increase in taxonomical and ecological studies, accompanied by plant recording and exploration (e.g. Ballard and Iltis 2012, Al-Shehbaz et al. 2013, 2015a, 2015b, Gonzáles et al. 2015, Gonzáles & Cano 2016, Montesinos-Tubée et al. 2015, Linares et al. 2015, Ospina et al. 2016, Sylvester et al. 2016a, 2016b). The completion of the Bolivian catalog (Jørgensen et al. 2014) also provides needed data (...truncated)


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Paúl Gonzáles, Blanca León, Asunción Cano, Peter M Jørgensen. Vascular flora and phytogeographical links of the Carabaya Mountains, Peru, Revista Peruana de Biología, 2018, pp. 191-210, Volume 25, Issue 3, DOI: 10.15381/rpb.v25i3.15228