Nanoparticles of zinc oxide defeat chlorpyrifos-induced immunotoxic effects and histopathological alterations

Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.12/March-2019/14.pdf RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Nanoparticles of zinc oxide defeat chlorpyrifos-induced immunotoxic effects and histopathological alterations Sara S. Essa1, Eiman M. El-Saied2, Osama S. El-Tawil2, Inas M. Gamal1 and Sahar S. Abd El-Rahman3 1. Immune Section, Research Institute for Animal Reproduction, Cairo, Egypt; 2. Department of Toxicology, Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Regulations, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt; 3. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Corresponding author: Sahar S. Abd El-Rahman, e-mail: Co-authors: SSE: , EME: , OSE: , IMG: Received: 02-12-2018, Accepted: 28-01-2019, Published online: 22-03-2019 doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.440-448 How to cite this article: Essa SS, El-Saied EM, El-Tawil OS, Gamal IM, Abd ElRahman SS (2019) Nanoparticles of zinc oxide defeat chlorpyrifos-induced immunotoxic effects and histopathological alterations, Veterinary World, 12(3): 440-448. Abstract Background and Aim: Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphate insecticide. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) physically showed effective adsorbing property for some insecticides. The study was conducted to estimate the potential effect of ZnO NPs against CPF toxicity. Materials and Methods: Four groups of male rats were used; control group and three groups received drinking water contained 75 mg/L CPF, combined 75 mg/L CPF and 200 mg/L ZnO NPs, and 200 mg/L ZnO NPs, respectively. Results: CPF significantly decreased macrophage activity, serum lysozyme activity, and levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-6; increased the percentage of DNA degeneration on comet assay of lymphocytes and significantly elevated hepatic and splenic malondialdehyde contents; and decreased their glutathione contents. The liver and spleen showed marked histological alterations after exposure to CPF with decreased expression of acetylcholinesterase. The coadministration of ZnO NPs ameliorated most of the undesirable effects of CPF, through elevation of macrophage and serum lysozyme activities, increased the levels of IL-2 and IL-6, corrected the oxidative stress markers, and alleviated most of the adverse effect exerted by CPF in liver and spleen tissues. Conclusion: The addition of ZnO NPs to CPF-contaminated drinking water may be useful as a powerful antioxidant agent against toxic damage induced by CPF particularly in individuals who are on daily occupational exposure to low doses of CPF. Keywords: acetylcholinesterase, chlorpyrifos, immune system, pathology, zinc oxide nanoparticles. Introduction Commercial insecticides used in agricultural and non-agricultural purposes have the potential to cause significant human and animal illnesses through direct or indirect exposure during application. Due to the extensive use of insecticides, they persist in soil, surface waters, air, and agricultural products [1]. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a well-known organophosphorothioate insecticide that is used for agricultural and non-agricultural areas. It is a broad-spectrum insecticide used to kill a wide range of insects [2,3]. CPF inhibits acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) enzyme of the nervous system necessary for proper function of the nervous system. Symptoms associated with the CPF poisoning including; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, convulsions, coma, and death in severe conditions. Long period exposure to CPF results in Copyright: Essa, et al. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 serious harm effects to the nervous system, respiratory tract, and cardiovascular systems. CPF metabolites persist in the environment for a long period; therefore, it becomes a public concern. CPF can be oxidized by various oxidizing agents, which give CPF-oxon after the replacement of sulfur by oxygen in the thiophosphoryl bond [4]. CPF-oxon is more toxic compared to its parent compound [5]. Nanotechnology offers fast and effective solutions for environmental cleanup. It has attracted considerable interest of both scientific and industrial communities because it is often described as an emerging technology capable of revolutionizing approaches to common problems [6]. Nanostructured membranes with size-selective pores may provide efficient ways of separating solutes from water [7]. Besides filtration, which is generally energy intensive, the removal of contaminants by sequestration (adsorptive remediation) or degradation to less toxic products (reactive remediation) may represent an effective alternative. Nanomaterials possess a very large surface-to-volume ratio that favors interaction with their environment. For example, nanomaterials have the potential to effectively adsorb molecules or catalyze chemical reactions at their interface [8]. Shahram et al. [9] 440 Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.12/March-2019/14.pdf showed that nanoparticle (NPs) form of zinc oxide (ZnO) was effective adsorbing agent for permethrin insecticide in water system, and the amount of reduction is related to permethrin concentration. For this reason, ZnO in the NP form could be an eminent candidate for preventing CPF adverse effects. As per our knowledge, no work has been reported concerning the role of ZnO, in the NP form against CPF toxicity in in vivo system. Hence, this work aimed to investigate the potential effects of this formulation to relieve the toxic effect of CPF on immune system prospecting its application industrially and medically to remove this insecticide from animal’s water to decrease its toxicity. In addition, this work was employed to confirm that ZnO NPs have no harmful effects when it is added to the drinking water of the animals. Materials and Methods Ethical approval The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Cairo University approved the design of the experiment (IACUC protocol number: CU-II-S-50-17). Chemicals CPF was provided from Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, National Center for Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt. ZnO NPs (100 nm) were purchased from NanoTech, Dreamland, 6th October, Giza, Egypt. Other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Co., St. Louis, MO, USA, and Cusabio Biotech Co. Ltd. Animals Sixty mature male Sprague Dawley rats weighing (180±10 g) were used in this invest (...truncated)