Design and Analysis of An Improved AODV Protocol Based on Clustering Approach for Internet of Vehicles (AODV-CD)

INTL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS, 2021, VOL. 67, NO. 1, PP. 13-22 Manuscript received June 29, 2020; revised January, 2021. DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2021.135938 Design and Analysis of An Improved AODV Protocol Based on Clustering Approach for Internet of Vehicles (AODV-CD) Sahar Ebadinezhad Abstract—The Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) has become a vital research area in order to enhance passenger and road safety, increasing traffic efficiency and enhanced reliable connectivity. In this regard, for monitoring and controlling the communication between IoVs, routing protocols are deployed. Frequent changes that occur in the topology often leads to major challenges in IoVs, such as dynamic topology changes, shortest routing paths and also scalability. One of the best solutions for such challenges is “clustering”. This study focuses on IoVs’ stability and to create an efficient routing protocol in dynamic environment. In this context, we proposed a novel algorithm called Cluster-based enhanced AODV for IoVs (AODV-CD) to achieve stable and efficient clustering for simplifying routing and ensuring quality of service (QoS). Our proposed protocol enhances the overall network throughput and delivery ratio, with less routing load and less delay compared to AODV. Thus, extensive simulations are carried out in SUMO and NS2 for evaluating the efficiency of the AODV-CD that is superior to the classic AODV and other recent modified AODV algorithms. Keywords—Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing, Clustering, Internet of vehicles, Vehicular ad hoc networks, Quality of service, 5G wireless networks vehicles that are participating to become a wireless router or mobile node, which enables the vehicles to connect to each other and for them to establish a wide range network [2]. Furthermore, other vehicles are able to join in as other vehicles leave the signal range or leave the network which connects the network to one another to enable the creation of a mobile network. It was observed that just a small mobile network is covered by VANET which actually is being subjected to mobility constraints and also the number of vehicles connected. Smart Transportation Smart Home Smart Health I. INTRODUCTION P REDICTIONS show that by 2020 about 1.25 billion “things” will all be linked up to the Internet and a major constituent of that number will be from vehicles. Existing areas such as smart transport, smart industry, smart health, smart home and smart energy are already experiencing the integration 5 of smartness by Internet of Things (IoTs). One of IoT’s big revolutions is IoV which is an emerging Technologies for connecting all smart devices such as vehicles and Vehicles-toEverything (V2X), intelligent traffic light systems, office-andhome smart appliances. Therefore, in order to fulfill IoVs’ requirements cloud computing is contemplated. Moreover, deploying resources at the edge of wireless network has been considered by the industry and academia in order to overcoming issues such as the restricted capabilities of storage, onboard computing, energy and communication. This deployment in cloud computing prevents unnecessary latency. Currently with the traditional Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) changes are being made into the IoVs because of the increase in the quantity of vehicles that are connected to the IoT [1]. Figure 1 shows the impact of IoT. VANET makes all Smart Industry Fig. 1. Impact of IoT IoVs’ routing protocol is an important research area. There are various routing protocols which come from Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) studies like Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSD-V) [3], Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [4] and AODV [5]. Protocols such as Greedy Perimeter Coordinator Routing (GPCR) [6] and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) [7] are some of the geographic protocols proposed by researchers when taking vehicle properties into consideration. It is important to mention that the majority of routing algorithms are only appropriate for solo wireless access technology and limited scale. Reduction of communication issues between vehicles is a major challenge for industries and automobile companies such Author is with Department of Computer Information System, Near East University. Nicosia TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey. (e-mail: sahar.ebadinezhad@ neu.edu.tr). © The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the Article is properly cited. 14 S. EBADINEZHAD as Car TALK 2000, COMCAR projects, DRIVE, Car Net and Fleet Net [8-13]. Some important parameters that affect the performance reduction of routing protocols are network size and vehicles’ speed. The IoVs network is a dynamic network, being that there are nodes having inconsistent/random motion leading to nodes frequently experiencing structural deviations. Eventually, this leads to network expiration resulting from the network separation. In order to increase its lifetime, the mobility pattern or forecasting pattern can be forecasted, which will result in the extensive usage of application in multimedia, commercial, emergency, safety and managing of traffic applications. Moreover, for data to be transmitted efficiently, it is mandatory for efficient Quality of Service (QoS). Therefore, designing an appropriate routing protocol for vehicles in largescale is a challenging issue. Lack of network scalability is a problem that leads to a lot of damage in the network sustainability. Also, in cases of surveillance and safety applications, delay can be dangerous. In this regard, optimizing vehicular network for equal distribution of network load and scalability can be created by intelligent clustering algorithms that contribute to key aspects. The contribution of this study can be explicated as follows: • • • • • Analyzing and measuring the performance of AODV-CD for Internet of Vehicles (IoVs). Proposing a realistic communication model by hybridization of DA-TRLD and AODV based-clustering that can be suitable for IoVs environment for supporting V2I and V2V communication. Avoiding network dissemination problems, by enhancing PDR and reducing link failure that is achieved by selecting reliable nodes as CH with low mobility. Minimizing the routing cost by adapting clustering approach leads to reduction of both bandwidth resource and computing resource consumption for routing data traffic. Increasing efficiency of AODV in terms of reliability and scalability by discovering the shortest route and selecting the appropriate node as CH. In this paper cluster-based routing methodology for AODV protocol is proposed in the heterogeneous network. In the next section there will be a brief explanation of AODV algorithm structure, improvements that are applied on AODV and clustering techniques in IoVs. Section 3 depict (...truncated)