“POLICE LAW” OF THE FREE CITY OF CRACOW IN THE YEARS 1815-1846

International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences № 1(7)2018 Paweł Cichoń PhD, Chair of Administration History and Administrative Ideas Jagiellonian University (Cracow, Poland) * Corresponding author: e-mail: “POLICE LAW” OF THE FREE CITY OF CRACOW IN THE YEARS 1815-1846 „PRAWO POLICYJNE” WOLNEGO MIASTA KRAKOWA 1815-1846 «ПОЛИЦЕЙСКОЕ ПРАВО» СВОБОДНОГО ГОРОДА КРАКОВ В 1815-1846 ГОДАХ Abstract The aim of the article is to describe, on the one hand, the police authorities and, on the other hand, to present the tasks and competences implemented by these authorities in the field of public order and security in the Free City of Cracow (1815-1846). The legal bases defining the broad spectrum of police tasks were mentioned. These included the fight against begging, vagrancy, passport policy, population registration, protection of consumer interests and rights, building, sanitary and fire safety, maintenance of peace, cleanliness and order in Cracow and the fight against crime. Attention was also drawn to the reasons for issuing such rules of legal relations. In conclusion, the common features of "police law" acts and the meaning of the word "police" used in the Free City of Cracow were pointed out. The article was written using a formal-dogmatic method and a chronological-subject structure. It is the first and so far, the only scientific study presenting legal regulations concerning the title subject. Keywords: law, police, administration, Free city of Cracow Streszczenie Celem artykułu jest scharakteryzowanie z jednej strony organów policyjnych, z drugiej zaś przedstawienie zadań i kompetencji realizowanych przez te organy w sferze porządku i bezpieczeństwa publicznego w Wolnym Mieście Krakowie (1815-1846). Wymieniono podstawy prawne określające szerokie spektrum zadań policji. Dotyczyły one zwalczania żebractwa, włóczęgostwa, polityki paszportowej, ewidencji ludności, ochrony interesów i praw konsumentów, dbania o bezpieczeństwo budowlane, sanitarne, przeciwpożarowe, o utrzymanie spokoju, czystości i porządku w Krakowie oraz zwalczania przestępczości. ISSN 2450-2146 / E-ISSN 2451-1064 © 2018 /Published by: Międzynarodowy Instytut Innowacji Nauka-Edukacja-Rozwój w Warszawie, Polska This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Cichoń P. (2018) “Police Law” of the Free City of Cracow in the Years 1815-1846. International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences,1(7)2018: 173-186 DOI 10.5604/01.3001.0012.2554 173 International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences № 1(7)2018 Zwrócono też uwagę na przyczyny wydawania takich regulacji prawnych. W podsumowaniu wskazano na wspólne cechy aktów „prawo policyjnego” oraz znaczenie słowa „policja” używanego w Wolnym Mieście Krakowie. Artykuł został napisany przy zastosowaniu metody formalno-dogmatycznej oraz konstrukcji chronologiczno-rzeczowej. Jest to pierwsze i jak dotąd jedyne opracowanie naukowe przedstawiające regulacje prawne dotyczące tytułowego zagadnienia. Słowa kluczowe: prawo, policja, administracja, Wolne miasto Kraków Аннотация Цель статьи - описать, с одной стороны, органы полиции, а с другой стороны представить задачи и компетенции, осуществляемые этими органами в области общественного порядка и безопасности в Свободном городе Кракове (1815 -1846 гг.). Были упомянуты правовые основы, определяющие широкий спектр полицейских задач. К ним относятся: борьба с попрошайничеством, бродяжничеством, паспортная политика, регистрация населения, защита интересов и прав потребителей, строительство, санитарная и пожарная безопасность, поддержание мира, чистоты и порядка в Кракове, а также борьба с преступностью. Кроме того, было уделено внимание причинам возникновения таких правовых норм. В заключение были указаны общие черты «полицейского права» и определен смысл слова «полиция», используемого в Свободном городе Кракове. Статья была написана с использованием формально-догматического метода и предметно-хронологической структуры. Это первое и пока единственное научное исследование правовых норм, охваченных проблематикой данной статьи. Ключевые слова: закон, полиция, администрация, Cвободный город Краков ______________________________________________________________________ Article history: Received: 20.06.2018 / Accepted: 25.06.2018 / Published: 30.06.2018 JEL Classification: N 4 ______________________________________________________________________ The statement of the problem in general outlook and its connection with important scientific and practical tasks. The Free City of Cracow, also called the Republic of Cracow (1815-1846), was established at the Congress of Vienna, which defined the principles of the post- Napoleonic order in Europe. The act called the Additional Treaty of 3 May 1815, in which the signatory states (Austria, Prussia and Russia) established the "Free, Independent and Strictly Neutral City of Cracow together with the District", was of fundamental importance for the legal existence of this state. It was established under the protection of the mentioned above guarding powers. The main objective of the protectors was to maintain the neutral and demilitarised status of the Republic of Cracow and to maintain and protect the existing political system of their countries, i.e. the absolute-police system, as well as to combat the threats that appeared in the region and destabilised the existing legal order. In accordance with Article 6 of the Treaty, the authorities of the Free City were obliged to avoid providing ISSN 2450-2146 / E-ISSN 2451-1064 © 2018 /Published by: Międzynarodowy Instytut Innowacji Nauka-Edukacja-Rozwój w Warszawie, Polska This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Cichoń P. (2018) “Police Law” of the Free City of Cracow in the Years 1815-1846. International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences,1(7)2018: 173-186 DOI 10.5604/01.3001.0012.2554 174 International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences № 1(7)2018 shelter or care to fugitives, deserters or persons under search who belonged to a signatory state of the agreement and to surrender such persons at the request of the competent authorities. Local authorities were also obliged to arrest such persons and deliver them under escort to the border for surrender to the competent guard of the neighbouring state (Kallas, M., Krzymkowski M., 2006, pp. 174-178). In connection with such assumptions of the policy of the guarding states towards the Republic of Cracow, a particular interest of these states as well as national authorities were issues related to the proper organization of local security services, i.e. the militia, gendarmerie and police authorities (Cichoń P., 2017, pp. 53-63). The latter performed numerous police and administrative tasks aimed at protecting public safety and order in the Free City of Cracow. Due to the framework of this study, only police authorities and thei (...truncated)