Ecosystem model for healthcare platform

Ó Indian Academy of Sciences Sådhanå (2021)46:188 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-021-01708-y Sadhana(0123456789().,-volV)FT3](012345 6789().,-volV) Ecosystem model for healthcare platform N VISWANADHAM Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India e-mail: MS received 10 August 2021; revised 17 August 2021; accepted 17 August 2021 Abstract. In this paper, I propose the platform business model to transform the classical Hospital model using the new digital technologies. The ecosystem framework is developed for healthcare service sector where all the stake holders including the core health providers (Hospitals, Pharma manufacturers), Complementors (Diagnostic labs, Pharmacies, Startups), Homecare providers, Software providers, Social media, R&D labs, Medical schools, Yoga and Gym centers, Government agencies, Patients, etc., using digital technologies to emerge as a highly connected collaborative network. The service chain provides healthcare services via primary healthcare centers, community healthcare centers, public healthcare centers, multi-specialty healthcare centers, emergency healthcare centers, Telemedicine, and mobile and rural health camps. The platform model for the entire healthcare ecosystem is developed and the performance measures, risk mitigation strategies, innovation and finally the platform governance mechanisms are highlighted. This research is aimed at helping the community to be future ready. Keywords. Healthcare; hospitals; healthcare service chain; digital technologies; business models; healthcare platform; Governance. 1. Introduction Healthcare, and more precisely hospitals, are undergoing full scale digital transformation. The underlying benefits are many – improved patient reach and health outcomes, reduced overall costs and increased competitiveness. Higher percentage of younger population, rising income levels, ageing population, growing health awareness, and changing attitude towards preventive healthcare, etc. are expected to boost healthcare services demand in future. Also, focus is shifting from health care to health and well-being. In the future, there will be a greater focus on promoting healthy lifestyles, vitality, and wellness; on primary and secondary prevention; and on early diagnosis. It is important for India to take this opportunity to design Healthcare platform models. New technologies such as mobile Internet, IOMT (Internet of medical technologies), Cloud, Big Data Analytics, 3D printing, Blockchain, Digital Valets, Drones, and Robots are creating new healthcare industry giants. Use of machine learning and AI is becoming the new norm for predictive and prescriptive decision making both in healthcare and other Industries. In management terms, competition for the health care Industry will come from ICT and data analytics companies. Start-ups in every area such as EdTech, Fintech, Healthcare and entertainment are disrupting well-established institutions such as shopping malls, banks, hospitals, movies, universities, etc. [1–6]. We are currently witnessing the industry 4.0 in auto, real estate, IT, Finance, and several other sectors [7]. The flourishing companies follow the open platform-based business models collaborating with ecosystem partners. Both Google and Microsoft are collaborating with hospitals and funding startups in healthcare. Their current attention is in the use of AI, ML, Blockchain and NLP in decision making using big data. We will see the Healthcare industry transition to 4.0 soon. Currently, a limited number of medical practitioners are found in nursing homes and small hospitals. The transition to healthcare 4.0. involves Electronic medical records, digitation of patient data, Cloud, Mobile Internet, IOMTs and connected patients, Big data health analytics and AI, ML and block chain. Innovation in diagnosis and medical treatment and developing personalized medicine are the main focus [4, 8, 10]. The technological transformation may take time like other technological transformations in industry 4.0 [11]. It will be wise to be future ready. ‘Health is More than Healthcare’ is the principle followed in healthcare 4.0. Current Focus in health care is Disease treatment. Future is on Health and Well-being by Promoting Healthy Lifestyles, Vitality, and Wellness, primary and secondary prevention, and Early Diagnosis. Spiritual, mental, and emotional components are also included in ‘‘Health’’. 188 Page 2 of 13 1.1 National digital health mission (NDHM) In August 2020, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, established the National Digital Health Mission (NDHM) to provide support for integration of digital health infrastructure [2]. The aim of the mission is to create digital infrastructure: Health ID—an ID used to uniquely identify people, authenticate them, and thread their health records; Digi-Doctor—a comprehensive repository of all doctors practicing or teaching modern/traditional systems of medicine, Health facility registry and Patient health records; and Electronic Medical Records—a digital version of a patient’s treatment history from a single facility, and several others. The digital healthcare market in India is segmented into Tele-health, mHealth, electronic health records/electronic medical records (EHR/EMR), remote diagnostics and healthcare analytics, etc. [12]. The mHealth segment is expected to dominate the market by 2024, as large number of people are likely to use health and fitness apps to track and monitor daily activities. Advancements in mHealth include wearable health bands that track health in real-time, scheduling doctor appointments using a mobile app, availing reports online, consulting a specialist over a video call, and carry medical history and reports in a healthcare portal on a smartphone [13]. With focus on digitisation of medical records, the Blockchain [14] would assist in providing increased and secure control to patients over their medical records. Also, increasing coverage under public schemes such as Ayushman Bharat, blockchain could be leveraged for automatic verification and authorisation, avoiding back-and-forth between multiple parties, and making claim processing faster and efficient. The Personal Data Protection Bill, draft Digital Information Security in Health Care Act (DISHA) and other such regulations will demand stringent compliances and safeguarding of personal and medical records by healthcare providers. The primary aim in this paper is to Design a cooperative of Digital health care ecosystem-based Platform with incumbents, startups, R&D laboratories, medical schools and nontraditional health care players. In this paper, the ecosystem framework is developed for Healthcare service sector that includes all the stake holders and new technologies to become highly connected collaborative networks. The ecosystem model which gives a 360-degree overview of the entire healthcare system and the step-bystep governance mechanism to plan, schedule, monitor and (...truncated)