Potassium silicate as a fungicide enhancer against Botrytis cinerea in blackberry

Revista mexicana de fitopatología, Jan 2022

Blackberry gray mold, induced by Botrytis cinerea, is a fruit disease that causes important economic losses. The present study evaluated nine fungicides belonging to different chemical groups, alone and in combination with potassium silicate, using the dose recommended on the label for the control of B. cinerea in the field. The incidence and severity of the disease were evaluated, as well as the degrees Brix, silicon concentration, and yield. The experiment was carried out twice. Incidence and severity percentages were converted to area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Combined with potassium silicate, the fungicide azoxystrobin significantly reduced incidence and severity, showing the lowest percentages in the last evaluation of these variables. In the first repetition, the incidence and severity values ​​were 4% (AUDPC = 1320) and 0.1% (AUDPC = 298.5), respectively. In the second, 3% (AUDPC = 1099) and 0.1% (AUDPC = 214.5) respectively. The concentration of soluble solids and fruit yield increased (12.4 and 13.6 t ha-1 in the first and second repetition, respectively). The results indicate that potassium silicate enhances the effect of fungicides under field conditions and can thus be considered a management alternative against the gray mold disease in blackberries.Keywords : Silicon; AUDPC; incidence; severity; fungicides.

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Potassium silicate as a fungicide enhancer against Botrytis cinerea in blackberry

Potassium silicate as a fungicide enhancer against Botrytis cinerea in blackberry Silicato de potasio como potencializador de fungicidas contra Botrytis cinerea en zarzamora Daniel Nieto-Angel, 1Programa de Fitosanidad-Fitopatología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, CP 56230, México; José Terrones-Salgado*, Centro de Innovación Tecnológica en Agricultura Protegida, Decanato de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Agronomía, 2Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, 21 sur No. 1103, CP. 72410, Puebla, Puebla, México; Santo Ángel Ortega-Acosta, 3Departamento de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales de la Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Iguala de la Independencia, C.P. 40020, Guerrero, México; 1Candelario OrtegaAcosta, 1Daniel Téliz-Ortiz; 2Francisco Javier Sánchez-Ruiz, Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental; Moisés Roberto Vallejo-Pérez, CONACyT-Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Álvaro Obregón No. 64, Colonia Centro, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, CP 78000, México; 3Francisco Palemón-Alberto; 2Luis Daniel Ortega-Martínez, Facultad de Biotecnología. *Corresponding author: . Received: February 21, 2022. Nieto-Angel D, Terrones-Salgado J, Ortega-Acosta SA, Ortega-Acosta C, Téliz-Ortiz D, Sánchez-Ruiz FJ, Vallejo-Pérez MR, Palemón-Alberto F and OrtegaMartínez LD. 2022. Potassium silicate as a fungicide enhancer against Botrytis cinerea in blackberry. Mexican Journal of Phytopathology 40(2): 270-283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2202-4 Primera publicación DOI: 29 de Abril, 2022. First DOI publication: April 29, 2022. Abstract. Blackberry gray mold, induced by Botrytis cinerea, is a fruit disease that causes important economic losses. The present study evaluated nine fungicides belonging to different Online publication, may 2022 Accepted: April 17, 2022. Resumen. El moho gris de la zarzamora causado por Botrytis cinerea, es una enfermedad que afecta los frutos y causa pérdidas económicas importantes. En la presente investigación se evaluaron nueve fungicidas pertenecientes a diferentes grupos químicos, solos y en combinación con silicato de potasio utilizando la dosis recomendada en la etiqueta para el control de B. cinerea en campo. Se evaluó la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad, además de grados Brix, concentración de silicio y rendimiento, el experimento se realizó dos veces. Los porcentajes de incidencia y severidad se transformaron a área bajo la curva del progreso de la enfermedad (ABCPE). El fungicida azoxystrobin combinado con silicato de potasio redujo la incidencia y severidad significativamente, presentando 270 Fully Bilingual chemical groups, alone and in combination with potassium silicate, using the dose recommended on the label for the control of B. cinerea in the field. The incidence and severity of the disease were evaluated, as well as the degrees Brix, silicon concentration, and yield. The experiment was carried out twice. Incidence and severity percentages were converted to area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Combined with potassium silicate, the fungicide azoxystrobin significantly reduced incidence and severity, showing the lowest percentages in the last evaluation of these variables. In the first repetition, the incidence and severity values were 4% (AUDPC = 1320) and 0.1% (AUDPC = 298.5), respectively. In the second, 3% (AUDPC = 1099) and 0.1% (AUDPC = 214.5) respectively. The concentration of soluble solids and fruit yield increased (12.4 and 13.6 t ha-1 in the first and second repetition, respectively). The results indicate that potassium silicate enhances the effect of fungicides under field conditions and can thus be considered a management alternative against the gray mold disease in blackberries. Key words: Silicon, AUDPC, incidence, severity, fungicides. Blackberry (Rubus sp.) is a fruit crop grown in various regions throughout the world. However, blackberry production has suffered severe losses caused by diseases. Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is considered the most important pre- and post-harvest disease (Li et al., 2012) of blackberries in Mexico and has been commonly reported in different blackberry producing regions (Terrones et al., 2019). The initial symptoms caused by B. cinerea in blackberries are soft, light-brown areas. The infected tissue later dries and mummifies. Online publication, may 2022 Mexican Journal of PHYTOPATHOLOGY Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA los menores porcentajes en la última evaluación de dichas variables. En la primera repetición, los valores de incidencia y severidad fueron de 4% (ABCPE= 1320) y 0.1% (ABCPE= 298.5), respectivamente, y en la segunda 3% (ABCPE=1099) y 0.1% (ABCPE=214.5), respectivamente. Por lo tanto, aumentó la concentración de solidos solubles y rendimiento (12.4 y 13.6 t ha-1 en la primera y segunda repetición, respectivamente). Con base en los resultados obtenidos, se determinó que el silicato de potasio potencializa el efecto de los fungicidas bajo condiciones de campo, por lo tanto, puede ser una alternativa de manejo contra el moho gris en zarzamora. Palabras clave: Silicio, ABCPE, incidencia, severidad, fungicidas. La zarzamora (Rubus sp.), es un cultivo que se produce en diversas regiones del mundo, no obstante, la producción de zarzamora ha registrado severas pérdidas ocasionadas por enfermedades. El moho gris, causado por Botrytis cinerea se considera la enfermedad pre y postcosecha más importante (Li et al., 2012) de la zarzamora en México y se ha reportado comúnmente en diferentes regiones productoras de dicho cultivo (Terrones et al., 2019). Los síntomas iniciales causados por B. cinerea en frutos son áreas suaves de color marrón claro, posteriormente el tejido infectado se seca y se momifica; en esta etapa se desarrollan abundantes conidióforos y conidios del hongo que producen una apariencia de moho gris (Carisse et al., 2015). El hongo produce infecciones quiescentes que permiten que la enfermedad se manifieste después de la cosecha (Calvo-Garrido et al., 2014). Por lo que las acciones de manejo de la enfermedad deben iniciarse en precosecha (Fillinger y Walker, 2016; Kim et al., 2016). El control químico es el principal 271 Mexican Journal of PHYTOPATHOLOGY Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA Abundant conidiophores and conidia develop at this stage, producing the appearance of gray mold (Carisse et al., 2015). The fungus causes quiescent infections in which the disease manifests after harvest (Calvo-Garrido et al., 2014). Therefore, disease management actions must begin before harvest (Fillinger and Walker, 2016; Kim et al., 2016). Chemical control is the main control method against this disease. The use of fungicides against gray mold represents 8% of the global fungicide market (Fillinger and Walker, 2016). In Mexico, the products authorized for use in the control of blackberry gray mold, in compliance (...truncated)


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Daniel Nieto-Angel, José Terrones-Salgado, Santo Ángel Ortega-Acosta, Candelario Ortega-Acosta, Daniel Téliz-Ortiz, Francisco Javier Sánchez-Ruiz, Moisés Roberto Vallejo-Pérez, Francisco Palemón-Alberto, Luis Daniel Ortega-Martínez. Potassium silicate as a fungicide enhancer against Botrytis cinerea in blackberry, Revista mexicana de fitopatología, 2022, pp. 270-283, Volume 40, Issue 2, DOI: 10.18781/r.mex.fit.2202-4