Optimization of combustion characteristics of novel hydrodynamic cavitation based waste cooking oil biodiesel fueled CI engine

Research Article Optimization of combustion characteristics of novel hydrodynamic cavitation based waste cooking oil biodiesel fueled CI engine Aboli D. Halwe1,2 · Samir J. Deshmukh2 · Nand Jee Kanu2 · Jagannath S. Gawande3 Received: 31 October 2022 / Accepted: 16 January 2023 © The Author(s) 2023  OPEN Abstract The increment in the usage of automobiles is resulting in increased greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions continuously and there is a substantial need to reduce them effectively. The present research work investigates the emission behavior of waste cooking oil biodiesel doped with CuO nanoparticles during testing in Compression Ignition (CI) engines. This investigation is based on the effective emission reduction analysis emitted by diesel fuel during experimentation on CI engines. It suggests a cost effective modification of biodiesel as a fuel prepared from waste cooking oil (WCO) by a novel hydrodynamic cavitation technique which includes the hydrodynamic cavitation reaction mixture composed of 1.28 L of methanol and 10 g KOH and 5 L of preheated WCO at 45 °C in the cavitation reactor for 40 min. These reactants are synthesized utilizing the principle of cavitation and the final manufactured esterified oil is authenticated with ASTM Standard property measurement for suitability check. In the research work, two different investigations are carried out. In the first one, WCO biodiesel-diesel blends of 0, 30, and 100% (B0, B30, B100) ratio are prepared and the emission characteristics have investigated at 1500 rpm constant speed with varying load and indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). In the second investigation, the emission suitable blend B30 is doped with CuO nanoparticles, keeping other parameters as per the previous setup, the emission characteristics investigated for the second one. For precise results, more experimental trials are needed to achieve this decrease in the emission of harmful gases. Using an amalgamation of L9 Taguchi and response surface methodology (RSM) the maximum emission control with a minimum number of experimental trials is achieved. The first investigation includes the predefined predictors as A (blend), B (load), and C (IMEP), where blends (0 ≤ A ≤ 100%), load (0 ≤ B ≤ 12 kg), IMEP (3.5 ≤ C ≤ 7.5 bar) are controllable features. Optimization process resulted into a minimum emission of CO, CO2, and NOx by appertaining the condemnatory merger of inputs such as blend B0 (Diesel), load 12 kg, and IMEP 3.48 bar in the first investigation, which has resulted into 0.08 ppm CO, 0.6 ppm CO2 and 30 ppm NOx emission. Taguchi analysis-based second experimental investigation includes the predefined predictors as A (CuO), B (load), and C (IMEP), including nanoparticles CuO in blend B30, and the prognosticated results of optimization are 0.03 ppm CO, 0.3 ppm CO2 and 21 ppm NOx emission. In current investigation, the percentage reduction is found to be 92.3%, 94.82%, and 96% compared to the emission of diesel in CO, CO2 and NOx gases, respectively. The coefficient of determination is almost equal to 1, which reveals the chosen optimization technique is very accurate in prediction. The investigation has provided suitable minimum emission characteristics in a cost-effective way. * Aboli D. Halwe, ; * Nand Jee Kanu, | 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prof. Ram Meghe Institute of Technology and Research, Amravati 444701, India. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, JSPM Narhe Technical Campus, Pune 411041, India. 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, P.E.S.’s Modern College of Engineering, Pune 411005, India. SN Applied Sciences (2023) 5:65 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05284-0 Vol.:(0123456789) Research Article SN Applied Sciences (2023) 5:65 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05284-0 Article highlights • The present investigation explores the harmful gases emission reduction analysis of biodiesel by varying the load, IMEP and proportion of CuO nanoparticles on CI engine testing. • Modification of fuel with nanotechnology can be a cost-effective option instead of costlier engine modification. • Lesser emission is obtained with WCO biodiesel blend B30 by adding nanoparticles CuO in it. Keywords Optimization · L9 Taguchi · Blend · Load · IMEP · Waste cooking oil · CO · CO2 · NOx · CuO · Biodiesel Abbreviations GHG Greenhouse gases CI engine Compression ignition engine. CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide NOx Nitrogen oxide CI engine Compression ignition engine VCR Variable compression ratio WCOBD Waste cooking oil biodiesel SEM Scanning electron microscope B0 0 V. % biodiesel, 100 v. % diesel B20 20 V. % biodiesel, 80 v.% diesel B30 30 V. % biodiesel, 70 v. % diesel B40 40 V. % biodiesel, 60 v. % diesel B50 50 V. % biodiesel, 50 v. % diesel B75 75 V. % biodiesel, 25 v. % diesel B100 100 V. % biodiesel, 0 v. % diesel, BP Brake power WCO Waste cooking oil Cv Calorific value of fuel XRD X-ray diffraction analysis IMEP Indicated mean effective pressure KOH Potassium hydroxide CuO Copper oxide BTHE Brake thermal efficiency nano Nanoparticles RSM Response surface methodology 1 Introduction In the present scenario, both developed and developing countries are having substantial energy demand. Functioning of both industrial as well as automobile sectors is dominated by fossil fuels [1]. However, improper combustion of fossil fuels leads to considerable environmental pollution [2], affecting the health of people in the developed nations adversely [3]. Available emission curtailing techniques such as pretreatment of fuel sources, additives, and modification of engines are costly. It is the reason behind the increasing significance of research work based on alternative fuels. The Vol:.(1234567890) key benefits of biodiesel are efficiency improvement, sustainability, and reduction in harmful gases. On top of that, the limited reservoirs of fossil fuels will not be adequate to meet world-wide energy consumption, while biodiesel can be a great substitute [4]. It is more environment friendly, oxygenated, sulphur-free, biodegradable, releasing lower emissions, more prominent among biofuels [5, 6]. Apart from this, there are certain disadvantages of biodiesel usage, such as viscos nature, denser than fossil fuels, higher modulus of elasticity, lower heating value, unequal atomization, and higher level of NOX emission [7, 8], which need to be tackled. Nanoparticles are found to be one of the most effective solutions among other additives improving the overall engine performance. They are enhancing engine performance parameters and reducing emission parameters dramatically [9]. Conventional methods of biodiesel production are having many drawbacks [10]. Some examples are pyrolysis; high temperatures should be maintained. So, the materials used for the experiments are expensive. Moreover, the purity of biodiesel is low [11]. For micro-emulsion and dilution, the product is not volatile and would’t have en (...truncated)