Potential and limitation of biocontrol methods against vibriosis: a review

Aquaculture International https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01091-x Potential and limitation of biocontrol methods against vibriosis: a review Nurul Ashikin Elias1 · Mohamad Sofi Abu Hassan1 · Nor Asma Husna Yusoff1 · Okomoda Victor Tosin1,2 · Noor Aniza Harun1,3 · Sharifah Rahmah1,4 · Marina Hassan1 Received: 9 January 2023 / Accepted: 12 March 2023 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 Abstract The shrimp industry has an urgent challenge of managing the outbreak of diseases majorly caused by bacteria and viruses. Vibriosis is one of the most common diseases encountered in hatchery and aquaculture shrimp farms. The vibriosis-affected shrimps exhibit symptoms including an empty gut, loss of appetite, and red to brown gills, leading to body malfunction and mortality. Better management practices in hatcheries and grow-out ponds are prerequisites to preventing and controlling Vibrio sp. infection. Chemicals and antibiotics have been applied to control and treat disease-causing pathogens. However, many of these chemicals are not approved for use in several countries for the fear of bioaccumulation in the body and environment of treated organisms as well as the establishment of chemical-resistant strains over time. Therefore, biological control alternatives that are effective, economical, and environmentally safe have been suggested and are reviewed herein. In this review, we advanced the potentials of probiotics and prebiotics, medicinal plants, biofloc, bacteriophages, and nanoparticle technology as bioactive measures in preventing and curing different vibriosis infections in addition to evaluating the limitations and future perspectives. Keywords Antibiotics · Bacteria · Control methods · Diseases · Vibrio spp. Handling editor: Brian Austin. * Marina Hassan 1 Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia 2 Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forestry and Fisheries, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University (Formerly, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi), P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria 3 Advance NanoMaterials (ANOMA) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia 4 Faculty of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia 13 Vol.:(0123456789) Aquaculture International Introduction Aquaculture is rapidly expanding and has increased total production year in and year out, exceeding the capture fisheries for many species. It has become the fastest-growing food production, hence an important part of securing global food security (Ottinger et al. 2016; Sun et al. 2016; FAO 2019). Across the region, Asia is dominating world aquaculture production with an estimated 89% share, among which China, Vietnam, and Indonesia are the top producers accounting for around 64% of the total production (Tacon 2020). Out of the shellfish cultured in the world, it is dominated by shrimp aquaculture (e.g., Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon) (Amatul-Samahah et al. 2020). There is a large export market for this commodity beyond what capture fisheries can sustain, hence, because of the demand for shrimp products, aquaculture intervention to enhance the stock (e.g., rearing systems, stocking density) have shifted from intensive to super-intensive systems, hence resulting in the outbreaks of diseases (FAO 2016, 2017; Ina-Salwany et al. 2019). Disease-causing pathogens are commonly viral (e.g. WSSV, IHHNV, Taura Syndrome, Yellow-Head virus), bacterial (e.g. EMS/AHPND, Luminescent syndrome, brown-spot diseases, white feces syndrome), spores (e.g., microsporidiasis) and parasites (e.g., Amoebic gill disease), with bacterial being the most prominent and vibriosis the most notably of the diseases (Amatul-Samahah et al. 2020). An overview of some common shrimp diseases is given in Table 1. So far, bacterial species belonging to 13 genera that affect marine aquatic species have been reported (Fitzsimmons et al. 2011; Chiew et al. 2019). Vibriosis is a well-known bacterial disease caused by gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacteria, Vibrio spp. such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, V. anguillarum, V. splendidus, and V. vulnificus (Aguilera-Rivera et al. 2018; 2019; Situmorang et al. 2020; Anirudhan et al. 2021). They can cause complete mortality of infected marine and shellfish aquaculture in hatcheries and grow-out ponds (Dash et al. 2017; Ina-Salwany et al. 2019; Amatul-Samahah et al. 2020). In India, early mortality syndrome (EMS) caused by V. parahaemolyticus was reported to cause large-scale mortality of L. vannamei in growout ponds (Kumar et al. 2014). Another report from India indicated that 7 out of 40 shrimp aquaculture farms were harboring V. parahaemolyticus of which contained 1 multidrugresistant (MDR) strain (Narayanan et al. 2020). Southeast Asia including China, Thailand, and the Philippines also reported losses in shrimp farming caused by this EMS/AHPND (Tran et al. 2013; Joshi et al. 2014; de la Peña et al. 2015). In Malaysia, the total economic losses from EMS/AHPND (2011–2014) was estimated to reach USD 0.49 billion (Annual Fisheries Statistics 2014); however, the prevalence slowly decreased year by year. The estimation of FAO (2013) revealed the fact that vibriosis outbreaks caused approximately USD 1 billion in losses in Asia, with 100% losses recorded for infected post-larvae. Recently in late 2019, a new lethal disease caused by Vibrio spp. called “glass post-larval diseases” was reported in shrimp hatcheries in China causing mass mortality of about 90% in less than 48 h of infection (Zhou et al. 2020; Yang et al. 2022). Novriadi (2016) had earlier summarized the impact of vibriosis in aquaculture around the world as presented in Table 2. According to Butt et al. (2021), aside from the pathogen itself, stressful environmental factors such as salinity fluctuations, temperature changes, and low dissolved oxygen in shrimp culture may cause rapid bacteria multiplication in shrimp blood, thereby causing an outbreak. The current review paper perused through some of the most recent information on the Web of Science indexed journal as regards the application of biological methods in improving shrimp immunity and reducing the detrimental effects of vibriosis in shrimp species. 13 Pathogen • Aeromonas hydrophila • Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacterium (NHP-B) • Mycobacterium sp. • Photobacterium damselae subsp. Bacteria • Vibrio alginolyticus, • V. anguillarum, • V. campbelli, • V. damsela, • V. harveyi, • V. parahaemolyticus, • V. penaeicida, • V. vulnificus, • V. nereis, • V. tubiashi, • V. fluvialis, • V. splendidus, • V. nigripulchritudo Causes Yang et al. (2019); Zhou et al. (2019) Tran et al. (2013); Mai et al. (2020) Chiew et al. (...truncated)