Enhancing the Power Quality of Grid Connected Photovoltaic System during Fault Ride Through: A Comprehensive Overview

J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. B https://doi.org/10.1007/s40031-023-00870-7 REVIEW PAPER Enhancing the Power Quality of Grid Connected Photovoltaic System during Fault Ride Through: A Comprehensive Overview Nishij G. Kulkarni1 · Vasudeo B. Virulkar2 Received: 20 May 2021 / Accepted: 9 February 2023 © The Institution of Engineers (India) 2023 Abstract Mitigation of harmonics and enhancement of power quality (PQ) in grid connected solar photovoltaic (SPV) system during fault ride through (FRT) needs to concentrate in power system research area. A comprehensive overview of FRT capability enhancement considering study of various power quality issues associated with grid connected solar systems is done here. Mitigation and capability enhancement strategies are also discussed here. This survey will help analysts in line with FRT capability enhancement for grid connected solar PV power conditioning units. Keywords Power quality · Solar photovoltaic systems · Fault ride through · Grid interconnection · Harmonics Introduction The society knows the limitations of fossil fuel, which have impelled climate changes and its depletion in the days to come, so PV generation systems have been broadly explored throughout the world [1–4]. SPV systems are rapidly developing energy sources within the universe, per year annual increase rates of twenty-five to thirty-five percent over last 10 years. The potential of SPV in Ontario, Canada also considered [5]. Markets for SPV have borne an impressive change in last 5 years. Before 1999, prime marketplace for PV was for off-grid utilities. Currently, more * Nishij G. Kulkarni 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, M.B.E. Society’s, College of Engineering, Ambajogai, Beed, Maharashtra 431517, India 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Amravati, Maharashtra 444604, India than seventy-eight percent of worldwide market is for gridconnected operational systems. The share of renewables in global electricity generation expanded from 29 to 30% in 2021 than in 2020. The fastgrowing use of renewable sources has reduced just about 900 Mega-tone of carbon dioxide production and emission within the world. The worldwide electricity production from renewable excluding large hydro dams increased from 12.4 to 13.4% worldwide in 2019 than in 2018 as per sources mentioned in following figures. This percentage can likely increase up to near about 20% at the end of year 2021 if COVID-19 situation will be normal. Renewable electricity generation in 2021 is set to expand by more than 8% to reach 8300 TWh, the fastest year-on-year growth since the 1970s as per IEA global energy review [6, 7]. The electricity generation from fossil fuels, nuclear and renewable of the world is as shown in Fig. 1. The measure of worldwide electricity generation from renewable at the end of year 2020 is as shown in Fig. 2 in which renewable include electricity production from hydropower, solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, wave, tidal sources and waste. Renewable sources are low-carbon technologies, which offer countries around the world to improve their energy security and trigger economic development [8, 9]. Tracking clean energy progress (TCEP ) checked the progress in the evolution and distribution of main clean energy technologies. Therefore, it is a smart option to invest in these technologies [10]. The impact of fast progression of PV systems on the grid is becoming increasingly credible. With fast-growing capacity of PV systems brings serious challenges for grid service stability in fault conditions [11]. Moreover, the majority of the most recent PV capability has been integrated into the network as distributed 13 Vol.:(0123456789) J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. B Fig. 1  Electricity generation from Fossil fuels, Nuclear and Renewable in the world generation (DG). Concerns about SPV’s possible influence on grid stability and operation are growing with increased integration of DG sources. Utility and power system operators are preparing for improvements in order to incorporate and control a large portion of this renewable energy supply into their networks. This survey examines the applications of a high distribution grid integrated PV systems for controlling the voltage and flow of reactive power. The electricity generation for major countries in the world up to 2021 is as shown in Fig. 3. The worldwide measure of nuclear, renewable in total electricity generation is as shown in Fig. 4 in which renewable include hydropower, biomass, wind, geothermal, marine and solar generation; it does not entail nuclear and traditional biomass. A commercial and domestic distribution feeder with on-load tap changing transformers (OLTC) and switching capacitors those are well equipped with voltage control were chosen. For representation of on-duty transformers and inferior circuits to PCU connection point, model was further developed [12]. In distribution grid connected PCU, Fig. 3  Electricity generation in major countries of the world, 2020 Fig. 4  The worldwide share of nuclear and renewable in total electricity generation + PV Panel - Vdc Power Conditioning Unit Vac Local Loads Fig. 2  Share of worldwide electricity generation from renewable, 2020 13 Fig. 5  Grid connected PCU block diagram Vac Utility Grid J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. B as shown in block diagram of Fig. 5, power generated from PV is directly fed to a transmission line through PCU and then distributed. Energy storage devices are not required so that less space is required for the set up and investment & maintenance costs are lower than with a standalone system. As shown in Fig. 6, the evolvement of technology of inverter with control technique has brought a standard grid connected PV systems. PCU topography and control method are contrived powerfully with assuring control design due to fluctuation in supply input at inverter side. DC link voltage is settled to supply stable voltage to PCU [13–15]. High power grid-connected PCUs commonly uses single stage topography along with LC filter. In consideration of isolation transformer’s leakage inductance, an output filter is identical to LCL filter. PCU control scheme and block diagram representation of grid interfacing inverter control is as shown in Figs. 7 and 8. As per standards of State Grid Corporation of China, controlling purpose of PV generation systems is to provide stable active and reactive power supply for main grid in assistant of FRT. It is applicable for the sinusoidal current to be injected and voltage dips giving low harmonic distortion and without over current. Harmonic distortion limit & over current are very important for developing control strategy for FRT in PCU. Grid faults are classified as symmetrical and asymmetrical faults leading to voltage sags in the distribution system [16]. Fig. 6  Grid connected solar PV system in detail Fig. 7  PCU control scheme In area of renewable energy interfacing conversi (...truncated)