Translation and validation of urdu version short form-mcgill pain questionnaire-2

Sharif et al. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-023-00715-2 (2023) 15:102 BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation Open Access RESEARCH Translation and validation of urdu version short form-mcgill pain questionnaire-2 Amna Sharif1, Fareeha Amjad2*, Syed Asadullah Arslan1 and Ashfaq Ahmad1 Abstract Background Low back pain is one of the most common complaints affecting many individuals. The McGill Pain Questionnaire is used in various clinical settings to assess different types of pain and one of the most extensively used outcomes measures for pain in the world. The purpose of this study was to translate and validate the original English version of the SF-MPQ-2 into Urdu (SF-MPQ-2-U). Methods For this study, Mapi Research Trust protocols were followed for the forward and backward translation. Test-retest reliability was used to assess the reliability. Cronbach’s alpha and Omega was used to determine internal consistency. Pearson’s correlation was used to evaluate convergent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis was also conducted. Results The Cronbach’s alpha for SF-MPQ-2-U was 0.73 to 0.79, indicating acceptable internal consistency. Omega score for the SF-MPQ-U were 0.918. The ICC varied from 0.799 to 0.878 for domains of SF-MPQ-2-U. The CFA of the SF-MPQ-2-U met model fit indices with GFI and NFI > 0.90. The inter-scale correlation between baseline and re-test data was from 0.63 to 0.71, indicating a positive and strong correlation. The SF-MPQ-2-U and ODI-U had a baseline correlation of 0.547. The correlation of SF-MPQ-2-U & VAS at baseline data was 0.558. Pearson’s correlation between subscales was r = 0.253 with p 0.01, which was statistically significant. Conclusion The SF-MPQ-2-U is considered to have good convergent validity at inter scale and between two scale levels. Reliability was checked by test-retest reliability, Internal consistency was checked using Cronbach’s alpha and Omega that showed good internal consistency for measuring different types of pain in patients with low back pain who speak Urdu. To make the questionnaire more valid and reliable, it is recommended for the researchers to do in-depth research on larger sample size. Keywords Patient reported outcome measure, Validity, Reliability, Chronic pain, Urdu version, And translation *Correspondence: Fareeha Amjad 1 University Institute of Physical Therapy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan 2 Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan © The Author(s) 2023. 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The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Sharif et al. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation (2023) 15:102 Background Pain is one of the most prevalent sensations of discomfort among every age group, regardless of male or female, and can cause sleep issues and psychological distress in the patient. Chronic pain is one of the reasons that causes people to get medical care linked to functional limitations [1]. Pain can be described as “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage” [2]. Pain is a complicated physiological and psychological experience, which is difficult to analyze and cure because pain is a subjective sensation. Individual differences in pain perception make assessing and managing pain more difficult. Regardless of whether pain is measured in a clinical or research setting, subjective reporting is one of the most commonly used methods for determining the presence of pain [3]. Pain always has a psychological element because sometimes it is a psychological experience that involves the ideas of suffering and harm and is totally unrelated to actual physical damage [4]. How the patient feels about their pain depends on cultural and environmental factors. These factors lead to a difference in how the patient deals with the problem and gets treatment. Cultural and environmental factors also influence the reporting style of the patient about their pain [5]. Low back pain is one of the most common complaints among the elderly population and is experienced by 80% of the population at least once in their lifetime. It has adverse effects on the quality of life. If the pain persists for more than 12 weeks, it is known as chronic pain. It can be due to impaired physical functioning, clinical anxiety, depression, lumbar stenosis, spine fracture, inflammatory disease, or nerve root compression [6–8]. The elderly population has been cared for through the proper healthcare system of the country. These issues place a strain on the healthcare system as well as the economy of the country. The elderly’s utilization of healthcare services is influenced by various factors, including socioeconomic, cultural, financial, and geographical resource availability [9]. Several scales are used to assess pain intensity which include: Numerical Pain Rating Scale, Visual Analogue Scale, Verbal rating scales, Face Rating Scale, [10] McGill Pain Questionnaire [11] and Oswestry disability index [12]. Each of these tools is a credible measure of pain and has test-retest reliability. Both the NPRS and the VAS scale are one-dimensional instruments that solely assess pain severity. However, MPQ is a multidimensional questionnaire that includes information regarding affective, sensory and evaluative aspects of pain perception. In both clinical and academic settings, it is a commonly used measurement instrument [5]. These factors led us to decide to translate the SF-MPQ-2 questionnaire into Urdu. Page 2 of 9 Each of these tools is a credible measure of pain and has undergone test-retest reliability. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is one of them and is a highly reliable tool for assessing disability and pain in people suffering from low back and lumbar radiculopathy. It is one of the most highly regarded measures for determining the quality of life and level of disability in patients with lumbar ra (...truncated)