Accurate models and nutritional strategies for specific oxidative stress factors: Does the dose matter in swine production?

Hong et al. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-023-00964-8 (2024) 15:11 Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology Open Access REVIEW Accurate models and nutritional strategies for specific oxidative stress factors: Does the dose matter in swine production? Changming Hong1†, Yujian Huang1†, Shuting Cao1, Li Wang1, Xuefen Yang1, Shenglan Hu1, Kaiguo Gao1, Zongyong Jiang1 and Hao Xiao2*    Abstract Oxidative stress has been associated with a number of physiological problems in swine, including reduced production efficiency. Recently, although there has been increased research into regulatory mechanisms and antioxidant strategies in relation to oxidative stress-induced pig production, it remains so far largely unsuccessful to develop accurate models and nutritional strategies for specific oxidative stress factors. Here, we discuss the dose and dose intensity of the causes of oxidative stress involving physiological, environmental and dietary factors, recent research models and the antioxidant strategies to provide theoretical guidance for future oxidative stress research in swine. Keywords Accurate models, Dose, Nutritional strategies, Oxidative stress, Swine Introduction Oxidative stress has been interpreted as an imbalance between oxidation and anti-oxidation (more oxidizing), which was first defined in 1985 [1]. Oxidative stress in pigs is often associated with other pathological factors, including metabolic disorders and placental dysfunction in sows [2], and poor growth performance in piglets [2, 3]. These factors have a direct impact on sow reproductive performance and piglet growth. Therefore, it is crucial to address oxidative stress in pig production. † Changming Hong and Yujian Huang contributed equally to this work. *Correspondence: Hao Xiao 1 State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China 2 Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Guangzhou 510640, China Current research efforts are primarily focused on alleviating oxidative stress in pigs by supplementing diets with antioxidants and free radical scavengers. However, the development of accurate models and nutritional strategies for specific oxidative stress factors has been largely unsuccessful. The basis for the definition of oxidative stress is reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS were the unregulated by-products of aerobic metabolism and other enzymatic processes that play a critical role in regulating cell function and biological processes. Uncontrolled production of ROS can overwhelm the ability of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defence mechanisms, leading to a state of oxidative stress and consequently damage many biological macromolecules such as lipids, DNA and proteins [1]. The oxidative stress state can be measured, but find the specificity, has a strong correlation with physiological and pathological status of pigs accurately respond stress markers for oxidative stress measurement, specific display certain conditions, has prognostic value and structure stability of cost-effective, is particularly important to be used massively in pig production. In addition, © The Author(s) 2024. 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The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Hong et al. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology (2024) 15:11 Page 2 of 16 dose ranges for indicators of whether pigs are under oxidative stress at different stages are also not yet well understood. Here, we discuss the dose and dose intensity of the causes of oxidative stress including physiological status (pregnancy, lactation, neonatal or weaning stress), environmental factors (heat and cold stress) and dietary factors (dietary mycotoxins and lipid peroxidation) and regulatory metabolism in swine, the research models using different chemical compounds and also take into account the antioxidant strategies of nutritional regulation to provide theoretical guidance for the subsequent oxidative stress research. understanding of the occurrence and mechanisms of oxidative stress in swine. Causes of oxidative stress in swine Oxidative stress in swine can be caused by various factors, including physiological factors, environmental factors, and dietary factors. These causes have been the focus of recent studies on stress responses and regulatory metabolism in swine [4]. In this section, we focus on the levels of different stress indexes and effects at different physiological stages and aim to provide a comprehensive Physiologically induced oxidative stress Oxidative stress in sows—gestation and lactation It is well known that pregnant sows had increased oxidative stress during late gestation and lactation, which had an adverse effect on milk production, reproductive efficiency, and ultimately sow longevity [5]. Low DNA damage (21%) is present at d 30 of pregnancy (G 30), whereas increased DNA damage (38%–47%) is present throughout the gestational and lactational periods. Furthermore, plasma retinol and α-tocopherol concentration were reduced at the end of gestation (G 110) compared with G 30 [6]. Moreover, there is an increased systemic oxidative stress during late gestation and early lactation of sows, according to increasing levels of oxidative stress parameters, such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and ROS [7] (Data are shown in Fig. 1). However, there is still lack studies focus on the reference value of oxidative stress in sows cause by gestation and lactation. Fig. 1 Overview of physiologically induced oxidative stress in swine. A The increased DNA damage and oxidative stress paramet (...truncated)