LACK OF COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE IN BUILDING COMMUNITY DISASTER RESILIENCE

DiA: Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 2021 December Vol. 19 No. 2, e-ISSN: 2615-7268 LACK OF COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE IN BUILDING COMMUNITY DISASTER RESILIENCE Oscar Radyan Danar Faculty of Administrative Science University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Tommy Anggriawan Faculty of Administrative Science University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Atsushi Suzuki Department of Architecture and Building Science Tohoku Univerity, Sendai, Japan Asti Amelia Novita Faculty of Administrative Science University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Muhammad Rizki Pratama Faculty of Administrative Science University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia ABSTRACT Many deaths and victims caused by catastrophic natural hazards that occurred in Indonesia have proven the weakness of the government to create a community disaster resilience among society. Under this circumstance, any efforts of the government are expected to be the solution to stop or at least reduce the nightmare of society when the disaster occurred. This paper elaborates on the discussion about building community disaster resilience through collaborative governance performed by Banyuwangi local government in Indonesia. Furthermore, the discussion about community disaster resilience and collaborative governance will be tied up by institutional and Socio-Ecological contexts. Therefore, this paper will highlight the role of actors, collaborative process, and organization performance rather than any technical attributes from disaster resilience. The finding of this study reveals that there are some inhibiting factors influencing collaboration among actors to build community disaster resilience. The failure to manage these factors has resulted in a lack of collaboration and lead to weak community resilience in Banyuwangi. Keywords: Collaborative governance, disaster management, community resilience, Socio-Ecological system 42 DiA: Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 2021 December Vol. 19 No. 2, e-ISSN: 2615-7268 A. INTRODUCTION Indonesia, the archipelago country in Southeast Asia, is one of the countries ever struck by a tsunami with devastating damage in 2004. In the last month of the year 2004, a massive earthquake happened in the west part of Sumatera Island with 9.0 magnitude has generated a giant current that was flattening the coastal area by more than 800 km (Danar, 2016; Guarnacci, 2012). Three months later, another quake with almost similar magnitude (8.7) occurred around Nias and hit the western part of Sumatera Island. Both of these resulting in a high number of deaths and damage, the statistical Agency of Indonesia (BPS) reported more than 128,728 people were killed and more than 179,312 houses destroyed, then around 500,970 civilians were displaced with an estimated US $ 4270 million of economic losses (Seng, 2013). Both of the catastrophic events above are the biggest tsunamis that occurred in Indonesia within the last 2 decades, during this time at least more than 10 earthquakes followed by tsunami occurred in various places in the Indonesian region for instance, in Alor (1992), Banyuwangi (1994) or Biak (1996). Until the biggest tsunami in 2004 occurred, there was no preparedness of society regarding this phenomenon caused by no early warning system (Clarke et al., 2010). Although the frequency of tsunami in Indonesia tends to be less common rather than other disasters; however, the impact of tsunami commonly leads to devastating losses (Seng, 2013). It is important for the government of Indonesia to put more awareness by considering its location which is close to the ring of fire with vulnerabilities to natural hazards including tsunami (Nguyen et al., 2017). The United Nations for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN-OCHA, 2009) illustrates more than half part of the coastal area in Indonesia has a high potential toward tsunami as shown in figure 1. Figure 1. Tsunami height in Indonesia and Asia-Pasific (UN-OCHA, 2009) 43 DiA: Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 2021 December Vol. 19 No. 2, e-ISSN: 2615-7268 Figure 1 indicates the vulnerable area of Indonesia with various levels of the tsunami threat in the future. Therefore, there should be more efforts to handle this phenomenon by such as adopting the international framework of disaster risk reduction (Bae et al., 2016; Danar, 2016). Roughly one year after the emergence of the Tsunami in Aceh, the policymakers around Southeast Asia consider implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action that is becoming the global framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) within 2005-2010 (Seng, 2013). However, the implementation of an effective DRR framework will require a platform to sustain the capacity and political commitment among stakeholders (Basher, 2006). This platform denotes the institutional context and collaboration among them as one of the requirements to apply the effective framework of DRR (Seng, 2013). In developing countries, the situation is more complicated since the institutional context has become a major problem. At the same time, the asymmetric development among them also emerging the barrier for the government especially at the local level to apply the appropriate DRR (Anggriawan & Swanita, 2017). Regarding this condition, the collaboration among government, non-governmental organizations, the private sector as well as international organizations is important as the option to deal with the limited capacity of institutions. This paper examines the collaboration process among actors to build community resilience as one of the requirements of DRR implementation in Indonesia. The research of this study was held in Pancer Hamlets, Banyuwangi District, Indonesia as one of the regions struck by a Tsunami in 1994 (Danar, 2016). Unlike Aceh, Nias, or other regions that attract the massive attention of media, government, or NGO when the tsunami occurred, in Pancer hamlet there were fewer of them (Guarnacci, 2012). Therefore, it is interesting to seek how the collaboration among actors builds community resilience. In the discussion section, this paper will elaborate on the finding on how the collaboration which is coming from the governance literature to deal with community resilience is one of the attributes of the socio-ecological system (Akamani. 2015). B. LITERATURE REVIEW Collaborative Governance Collaborative governance uses the capacity of the organization, stakeholders, and community to attain collective decision-making that is transformed into real policy implementation. On this occasion, it becomes the trajectory for community resilience to be more attainable for local society (Kapucu & Sadiq, 2016). In addition, it will help them to adjust their position into the dynamic condition when the disaster occurred. In a more detailed look, this paper is highlighting the collaborative approaches (Ansell & Gash, 2007) that are sufficient to sustain the multiple agencies or institutions in both multilevel (vertical) and broader (horizontal) collaboration. The verti (...truncated)