Development of Smart Pill Expert System Based on IoT

J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. B (June 2024) 105(3):457–467 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40031-023-00956-2 ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Development of Smart Pill Expert System Based on IoT P. Dayananda1 · Amrutha G. Upadhya2 Received: 5 September 2022 / Accepted: 5 November 2023 / Published online: 2 February 2024 © The Author(s) 2024 Abstract An improved version of the smart pill expert system known as SPEC 2.0 is presented in this paper to give a knowledge of IoT in healthcare. At the designated moment, the system strives to accurately dispense the recommended dosage of medication. The user-friendly interface of SPEC 2.0 is one of its standout features since it makes it simple for people of all ages to utilize among all the smart medicine dispensers. The main objective of this system is to deliver control and monitoring capabilities via an android application, free of in-app purchases or subscriptions. Numerous features, including the capacity to send alerts and SMS messages regarding pill distribution, are included in the android application. With the help of this tool, users can keep on schedule with their medicine and receive frequent reminders. In order to successfully manage the issue of overdosage, the system lays a special emphasis on preventing the consumption of medication in excess amounts. Users of SPEC 2.0 can reduce their risk of adverse drug reactions by following the directions for dose intervals. Daily tests have been conducted to ensure that SPEC 2.0 works as intended, and thorough records have been kept of each test. These tests offer important information about the system’s dependability and its capacity to deliver precise drug dosages on a regular basis. In conclusion, the improved smart pill expert system reveals its potential to dramatically increase medicine adherence and * P. Dayananda Amrutha G. Upadhya 1 Department of Information Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India 2 College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, USA avoid any health concerns brought on by ingesting the wrong dosage. Keywords Healthcare · Smart medicine dispenser · Android application · Drug dosage · Adherence Introduction In the records of recent past death rates of humans due to improper dosage of medication are reasonably greater and have been increasing every passing year. This rate could be brought down by detecting and tweaking the percentage of medical faults instigated. The recent improvement made in the field of healthcare has been providing a betterment in human life. Medical devices working on software programs overcome a lot of issues pertaining to network problems, security, inconvenient to perform operate on different devices or upgraded devices and so on. To overcome these issues consumer-based technologies and automations are being implemented for health care machines. With evolving technology, medicine and healthcare has become one of the main areas of interest in IoT. Aim of usage of IoT and embedded devices is to enhance the efficiency of the system, make it user-friendly and provide a better operational experience based on one’s needs or requirements. The field of medicine has adapted these new emerging applications and frameworks to provide security and service with the help of IoT. Its main purpose is to design a compact device such that it is patient friendly and easy to use without technological complications. 13 Vol.:(0123456789) 458 Literature Survey Authors [1] provide a user-friendly design to operate and troubleshoot any problems faced during the usage of the device with an intelligent chat assistant. Non-adherence in the field of medicine is a critical factor; SPES also helps in live tracking and analysis of the medication history of the patient and tried to reduce the ambiguous dosage consumptions. Authors [2] specially designed and modeled to meet the needs of the elders and visually impaired beings to maintain and manage their medicine consumption pattern. This feature is presented by offering an approach to sort their daily medicine cycle. In addition, the device is programmed to give out alerts when a person must consume his dosage. Authors [3] programmed to give buzzer notifications along with LED lights to users indicating their medicine consumption time. This is an upgrade that has been made for healthy world. The IoT-based medicine container [4] has various features along with the sensors to supervisor health check-ups. It also has a temperature sensor to monitor the patient’s body temperature along with wireless communication facility between the patient and the caretaker. Authors [5] state about how effectively can food pattern be observed and maintained through a pet feeder machine. Here, the dry pet food has been pre-stored by the owner of the pet and is customized for certain time intervals to feed their pets. The system [6] can be regulated through phone or by use of buttons on the device and set time intervals for medicine intake. It also sends text messages to indicate if the tablets were pickup from the container box at the given time period or not helping the care-taker to track the consumption of the medicines. System [7] is similar to the system described by authors [6] with advanced options of security provided to the device to prevent kids unintentional consumption of the tablets when at households. This device is designed such that it reads the prescription and sets its time intervals or respective drugs. The use of “Blynk” mobile application [8] improvises the automations of the device that had have more user control over the network. All actions performed by the device are monitored through the application like dispensing the drug, opening the valve for drug consumption, etc. Authors [9] use Instapush feature for providing notifications to cell phones along with microcontrollers and infrared sensors to monitor medicine consumption. The designing and development described by Authors [10] was a very crucial and all components were interlinked. Thus, failure of a single component would lead to failure of the complete system. There was a precise methodology incorporated to enhance the model and reduce the number of failures and is presented in the IEC62304 guidelines. This also helped in enhancing the medical dispenser’s probability of function right. Based on TOPSIS, In [11], a workflow scheduling method for cloud computing has been proposed. This 13 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. B (June 2024) 105(3):457–467 method involves selecting the most suitable virtual machine for each task, achieved through the utilization of the TOPSIS approach. We have considered a cloud system with DVS and heterogeneous VM instances that are based on pay-peruse. The MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second) of the virtual machine (VM) instances used in the experiment is directly correlated with the VM price. Kumar et al. [12] states a projection model (...truncated)