Overtourism Phenomenon at Borobudur Temple Based on The Penta Helix Perspectives

Available online at: https://journal.stp-bandung.ac.id/index.php/jk Jurnal Kepariwisataan: Destinasi, Hospitalitas dan Perjalanan Volume 5 Nomor 1, 2021: 48-57 DOI: 10.34013/jk.v5i1.263 OVERTOURISM PHENOMENON AT BOROBUDUR TEMPLE BASED ON THE PENTA HELIX PERSPECTIVES Ersya Fadilla Rachmat1, Anang Sutono2, Renalmon Hutahaean3 Bandung Tourism Institute, Jl. Dr. Setiabudi No.186, Bandung, West Java 40141 Email: , , Abstract The purpose of this research is to identify the overtourism issues at Borobudur Temple based on Penta Helix's perspectives. There is 5 kind of issues that will be identified based on Peeter et al (2018) such as issues related to tourist number, issues related to physical or build environment, socio-cultural issues, socio-economic issues and tourist perception based on Penta Helix perspectives. The empirical condition happened that many events like Borobudur Symphony, Concert Marathon, and the liked conducted in the area of Borobudur Temple. This study used qualitative research. Researchers wanted to understand the phenomena of certain social conditions that occurred in the research place. To identify the overtourism phenomenon in destination, the interview was conducted with each stakeholder according to Penta Helix elements which consist of academicians, business, community, government, and media. By interviewing each of Penta Helix elements, comprehensive findings can be produced following the 5 kinds of issues mentioned. According to each stakeholder by the Penta Helix model, there are some overtourism phenomena or issues that already happened in the destination. Those are issues related to tourist numbers, physical and built environment, socio-cultural issues, and tourist perception. And one of the issues that have not happened in the destination is socio-economic issues. Keywords: Overtourism, Destination, Phenomenon, Penta Helix, Tourist Perception. A. INTRODUCTION The development of tourism in the world has increased rapidly with the number of tourists increasing from year to year. According to UNWTO (2018: 4) in the last few decades, tourists who travel internationally in 1950 were 250 million people and became more than 1.3 billion in 2017. UNWTO also estimates that this number will grow by 3.3% every year which in the end in 2030 will more than 1.8 billion tourists who travel. The increasing number of tourists traveling will certainly increase the number of visits to various destinations around the world (UNWTO, 2018: 4). The increasing number of tourists around the world has a positive impact on the number of visits to tourism destinations and also has a negative impact on local residents. One of the consequences that occur as a result of the increasing number of visitors to a destination is the discomfort of the local population caused by too many tourists or it can be called overtourism or tourism phobia (UNWTO, 2018: 4). According to Skift (2016), mention that overtourism can be defined as “the impact of tourism on a destination, or parts thereof, that excessively influences perceived quality of life of the citizen and/or quality of visitors experiences in a negative way”. Overtourism is a new term used in the world of tourism. According to Dodds and Butler (2019: 1), this term was first used in 2006 by the online skift community which discusses the negative impacts that occur in tourist destinations. Overtourism has been studied in several well-known tourist destinations in the world, such as in 13 cities in Europe (Koens et al, 2018: 1). Overtourism is a phenomenon that can occur anywhere, both in urban areas, rural areas, and island destinations (Koens et al, 2018: 10). Therefore, overtourism can also occur in famous tourist destinations in Indonesia. * Corresponding author Received: March 05, 2021; Revised: May 19, 2021; Accepted: May 20, 2021 Overtourism Phenomenon At Borobudur Temple Based On The Penta Helix Perspectives Ersya Fadilla Rachmat, Anang Sutono, Renalmon Hutahaean Indonesia has many world-famous destinations, one of which is the Borobudur Temple. This tourist destination is one of the super-priority destinations that are being developed in order to bring more tourists. Until now, there are quite a lot of visitors come to Borobudur Temple, there were 3,855,285 tourists in 2018 (Statistics of Magelang Regency 2018). Several national and international events are also frequently held such as the Borobudur Marathon as a sports event and music concerts such as the Borobudur Nite and Borobudur Symphony in 2019. A large number of visitors, events, as well as destination development plans aimed at increasing the number of tourists. These, of course, can have a positive impact and can also have a negative impact such as the phenomenon of overtourism which can be observed in a destination, Koens et al (2018: 9) said that "Overtourism is predominantly observed in (increasingly) popular parts of the city, at a certain time or during certain events”. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of overtourism will occur when in a tourist destination there are several phenomena such as related to the number of tourists, the physical and built environment, socio-cultural, socio-economic, and tourist perceptions (Peeter et al, 2018: 37). According to UNWTO (2018: 7), handling overtourism cannot be seen only from changes in the number of tourists and tourist behavior but also from stakeholders. Dodds and Butler, (2019: 1) stated that the term "overtourism" has rapidly gained traction across multiple sectors, including academia, policy formulation, social movements, and the media. This shows the importance of the role of stakeholders in the phenomenon of overtourism. Arif Yahya (2016 in Yuniningsih et al, 2018: 87) states that there are 5 elements of tourism stakeholders consisting of academia, business, community, government, and media which is called Penta Helix. According to the Director of Tourism Marketing BOB (Borobudur Authority Agency). Borobudur Temple has a capacity of 128 people per day or 21,120 people per year. But in 2018, Borobudur Temple tourists nearly reached 4 million visitors. Borobudur Temple also has many events such as the Borobudur Marathon with more than 41 thousand visitors a day, the Borobudur Symphony which is attended by international artists which can bring thousands of tourists, and the Borobudur Nite concert which is attended by many tourists. The large number of tourists who come either as tourists who only enjoy Borobudur Temple or attend events that are held is certainly one of the factors that can cause the phenomenon of overtourism at Borobudur Temple. Based on the explanation above, this research Overtourism Phenomenon in Borobudur Temple from the Perspective of Penta Helix. 1. Overtourism Recently, the studies of the overcrowdedness of tourists in popular destinations have been rapidly growing. Those indicate more and more research results related to the quality of services in a tourism destination. Milano et a (...truncated)