Developments in fungal taxonomy.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, July 1999, p. 454–500 0893-8512/99/$04.00⫹0 Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Vol. 12, No. 3 Developments in Fungal Taxonomy JOSEP GUARRO,* JOSEPA GENÉ, AND ALBERTO M. STCHIGEL Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................454 THE CONCEPT OF SPECIES IN FUNGI .............................................................................................................455 PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION...........................................................................................................................455 NOMENCLATURE.....................................................................................................................................................456 CURRENT MYCOLOGICAL TYPING METHODS..............................................................................................457 Morphology ..............................................................................................................................................................457 Molecular Techniques ............................................................................................................................................459 Other Techniques....................................................................................................................................................460 Physiological and biochemical techniques ......................................................................................................460 Secondary metabolites........................................................................................................................................460 Ubiquinone systems ............................................................................................................................................461 Fatty acid composition .......................................................................................................................................461 Cell wall composition .........................................................................................................................................461 Protein composition............................................................................................................................................461 THE FUNGAL SYSTEM ...........................................................................................................................................461 CLINICALLY RELEVANT FUNGI..........................................................................................................................462 OOMYCOTA AND HYPHOCHYTRIOMYCOTA ..................................................................................................462 ZYGOMYCOTA ..........................................................................................................................................................463 ASCOMYCOTA...........................................................................................................................................................463 Basal Ascomycetes ..................................................................................................................................................466 Unitunicate Pyrenomycetes....................................................................................................................................467 Microascales ........................................................................................................................................................468 Ophiostomatales..................................................................................................................................................469 Sordariales ...........................................................................................................................................................469 Hypocreales..........................................................................................................................................................469 Bitunicate Pyrenomycetes ......................................................................................................................................473 Dothideales ..........................................................................................................................................................473 (i) Mycosphaerellaceae...................................................................................................................................474 (ii) Herpotrichiellaceae ..................................................................................................................................475 (iii) Dothideaceae............................................................................................................................................476 (iv) Pleosporaceae...........................................................................................................................................476 Plectomycetes...........................................................................................................................................................477 Eurotiales .............................................................................................................................................................477 Onygenales ...........................................................................................................................................................479 Budding Yeasts........................................................................................................................................................483 Saccharomycetales ..............................................................................................................................................483 BASIDIOMYCOTA.....................................................................................................................................................484 Tremellales...............................................................................................................................................................484 Schizophyllales ........................................................................................................................................................488 Agaricales.................................................................................................................................................................488 Ustilaginales ................................................ (...truncated)