Impact of Nano-TiO2 Combination with Biodiesel on Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions Under Fuel Magnetism Conditioning

Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-09643-w RESEARCH ARTICLE-MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Impact of Nano-TiO2 Combination with Biodiesel on Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions Under Fuel Magnetism Conditioning M. K. El-Fakharany1 · Ahmed S. Abdelrazek2 · Faisal B. Baz1 · M. S. Gad3 Received: 28 May 2024 / Accepted: 26 September 2024 © The Author(s) 2024 Abstract Problems of atomization, spray, and lower output power are due to the biodiesel’s higher viscosity. All of these aim to encourage fuel magnetism and nanoparticles addition to reduce fuel consumption. Waste cooking oil was converted to methyl ester by transesterification. To make methyl ester blend, diesel and biodiesel were mixed at volume ratio of 20%. TiO2 nanoparticles were added to biodiesel blend B20 at doses of 25 and 50 mg/L. TEM and XRD were used to characterize the nanomaterials. A magnetic coil was placed before the fuel injector to apply a magnetic field on the line of fuel. South pole of the magnetic field is located near to the fuel line, whereas the north pole is located further away. To examine the impact of these nanomaterials with fuel magnetism on engine performance and emissions using WCO biodiesel mixture, an experimental test rig was built connected to diesel engine. During testing, diesel engine operates at 1500 rpm with load variation. The average increases in BTE were 1, 1.5, 3.5, 5.5, and 6.5% but the decreases in BSFC were 1.2, 2, 4, 5, and 6% for B20 + magnet, B20 + 25 TiO2 , B20 + 25 TiO2 + magnet, B20 + 50 TiO2 , and B20 + 50 TiO2 + magnet, respectively, at engine load range. The average drops in CO, NOx , and HC concentrations were 16, 22, and 33%, respectively, at load range for B20 + 50 TiO2 + magnet. To improve engine performance and reduce emissions, biodiesel blend B20 from waste cooking oil with nanoTiO2 concentration of 50 ppm under magnetic field effect was recommended as a substitute fuel in diesel engine. Keywords Biodiesel · NanoTiO2 · Electromagnetic coil · Performance · Emissions Abbreviations BSFC BTE B20 B100 B20 + magnet B20 + 25 TiO2 B Brake specific fuel consumption, kg/kW hr Brake thermal efficiency, % Blending biodiesel of 20% and diesel oil by 80% by volume Pure waste cooking biodiesel Biodiesel blend with magnet Blending of 25 ppm TiO2 with biodiesel blend M. S. Gad 1 Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt 2 Physics and Mathematics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt 3 Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt B20 + 25 TiO2 + magnet Mixing of 25 ppm TiO2 with B20 using magnet Mixing of 25 ppm TiO2 with B20 + 25 TiO2 biodiesel blend B20 + 25 TiO2 + magnet Blending of 50 ppm TiO2 with B20 using magnet CO Carbon mono-oxide emission, % D100 Diesel oil EGT Exhaust gas temperature, °C HC Unburned hydrocarbons, ppm Nitrogen oxides emissions, ppm NOx Nano titanium oxide TiO2 WCO Waste cooking oil 1 Introduction It is possible to replace fossil diesel with biodiesel. Nonetheless, the worldwide food scarcity is becoming a growing issue due to the biodiesel growth and might result in a food 123 Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering catastrophe. A lot of attention is presently being paid to alternative non-food feedstocks, such as used cooking oils, in order to minimize utilizing food resources for fuel [1]. Transesterification was used to turn used cooking oil into biodiesel. Blends of biodiesel made from used cooking oil have poorer thermal efficiency than diesel oil. Blends of biodiesel have lower CO and HC concentrations than regular diesel. Diesel fuel had lower nitrogen oxides emissions than methyl ester blends [2]. Four mass fractions of nano titanium oxide nanoparticles were blended with Iraqi diesel as 25, 50, 100, and 150 ppm. Thermal efficiency of diesel was enhanced from 18.9 to 24.25% with the introduction of nano TiO2 [3]. Addition of TiO2 boosted the engine power and torque by 9.74 and 10.20%, respectively, but the specific fuel consumption was declined by 28.3% [4]. To improve the stability of blends, the ultrasonication procedure is used to stir the nanoparticles. Nanoparticle addition does not appear to have a significant impact on density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, or cetane number. At 21% absorption rate after 240 hrs of sedimentation, the nanoparticles of TiO2 demonstrated greater stability. BSFC of diesel engine using the nanoparticles TiO2 is 22% lower than other mixtures [5]. Using a mechanical agitator, homogeneous fuels (DWT1, DWT2, and DWT3) were created by mixing TiO2 at concentrations of 30, 60, and 90 ppm with an emulsion fuel made of 10% water, 89.8% diesel, and 0.2% surfactant. BTE of DWT3 and DWT2 fuel rose by 5.65% and 2.76%, respectively, as related to diesel and DWS fuels. With using DWT3 fuel compared with diesel fuel, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon, and smoke emission were reduced by 30%, 28.68%, and 32.98%, respectively. Nevertheless, as compared to diesel and DWS fuel, DWT3 fuel’s nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission was increased from 16.26 to 39.68% [6, 7]. Biodiesel of 200 ppm nanotitanium oxide was found to be the ideal ratio for WFME biodiesel and diesel [8]. In order to improve the thermal efficiency while producing the less emissions, nanoparticles like TiO2 were sonicated with the mixtures at a rate of 50 ppm. Blend B30TH was determined to have a maximum thermal efficiency of 29.5% [9, 10]. Using an ultrasonicator to agitate the particles and ensure the stability of the blends with titanium oxide nanoparticles at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm, nanoparticles were blended with methyl ester-diesel mixtures in 15–20 min [11]. Acacia Concinna biodiesel and diesel were blended together to create the modified nanofluid (MNF) fuels, which were then combined with titanium dioxide nanoparticles in different proportions. TiO2 doping rate of 150 mg/litre is the best combination at an engine load of 82.37%. With somewhat higher NOx emissions than diesel, BTE, BSFC, HC, and smoke emissions were all improved by 3.25, 18.42, 38, and 20%, respectively [12, 13]. Titanium dioxide reduced specific fuel consumption by 5.16% and enhanced thermal efficiency by 29.65% at a 123 dose of 100 ppm added to hemp seed oil biodiesel. When nano titanium dioxide was added, hydrocarbon emissions were decreased by 12.07% at 50 ppm and CO concentration were reduced by 40.15% at 75 ppm. Nitrogen oxide emissions rose by an average of 27% as a result of nano titanium dioxide inclusion. Optimal engine load and titanium dioxide ratio were 2000 W and 75 ppm, respectively. The largest increases were 27.94%, 1081.51 g/kWh, 0.057%, 40.293 ppm, 257.3742 ppm, and 0.7064% for thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, CO, HC, NOx, and smoke concentrations [14]. Using the B20 blend, nano additive were (...truncated)