Impact of Training & Development (T&D) on Employee’s Performance & Productivity (P&P)

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science E-ISSN 2987-226X P-ISSN 2988-0076 Volume 3 Issue 01, January 2025, Pp. 365-376 DOI: https://doi.org/10.59653/ijmars.v3i01.1476 Copyright by Author Impact of Training & Development (T&D) on Employee’s Performance & Productivity (P&P) Mohammad Yusuf Saleh1*, Hamdullah Azimi2 Ghalib University, Kabul, Afghanistan1 Ghalib University, Kabul, Afghanistan2 Corresponding Email: * Received: 25-01-2025 Reviewed: 10-02-2025 Accepted: 27-02-2025 Abstract This study explores the critical impact of Training and Development (T&D) on improving employees' Performance and Productivity (P&P), specifically within the context of JACK NGO in Parwan, Afghanistan. In a competitive global environment, corporate entities and nongovernmental organizations must ensure their workforce possesses relevant and contemporary skills. Employing a quantitative research methodology, this study utilizes linear regression analysis to assess data gathered from a sample of 275 participants through a rigorously structured questionnaire. Additionally, secondary data sources were used to support the findings, which reveal a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between T&D initiatives and enhancements in employee performance and productivity (P&P) at JACK NGO. Notably, on-the-job training is a particularly effective facet of T&D, directly contributing to enhanced employee outcomes. This research underscores the necessity of strategically optimizing T&D programs as a fundamental strategy for bolstering employee effectiveness and driving organizational success at JACK NGO. The results suggest the need for strategic investments in extensive training programs, which improve employee skills and support the organization’s broader goals and vision, ultimately fostering sustainable growth and a positive impact within the community it serves. Keywords: Training, Development, Employee Performance, Productivity, JACK NGO Introduction In today's fast-evolving business environment, driven by technological progress and changing market trends, the significance of Training and Development (T&D) has become increasingly pronounced (Sundstrom et al., 2016). T&D initiatives serve as pivotal mechanisms for enhancing employee performance and productivity (P&P), positioning employees as invaluable assets within any organization (Kuknor & Kumar, 2024). The necessity to address the knowledge and skills gaps created by evolving work environments compels organizations to prioritize effective training programs that empower their workforce and align with 265 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Research and Science overarching organizational objectives. For this study, we will use T&D to refer to Training and Development and P&P to refer to Performance and Productivity. (Hassan, 2022) This study focuses on JACK NGO, a non-profit organization operating in critical health, education, and emergency response sectors in Parwan, Afghanistan. JACK NGO significantly impacts the local economy and employment landscape; however, it grapples with persistent challenges related to employee performance. Operational errors that undermine service quality and tarnish the organization’s reputation are prevalent issues traced back to insufficient T&D programs. Such programs fail to provide employees with the essential skills and competencies for peak job performance. (Alagaraja & Li, 2015) Implementing effective T&D programs is essential for cultivating employee competencies and enhancing organizational productivity. By providing employees with the technical, personal, and professional skills necessary for their roles, organizations foster an environment conducive to individual growth while simultaneously aligning this growth with organizational goals. At JACK NGO, empowering employees and managers through wellstructured training initiatives is paramount for achieving customer satisfaction and operational excellence. The primary objective of this research is to critically evaluate the influence of T&D on employee P&P within JACK NGO. The findings are intended to yield actionable insights for management that can refine existing training initiatives, boost employee engagement, and improve overall organizational outcomes. Furthermore, this research contributes to the academic discourse on human resource management by offering theoretical and practical recommendations for optimizing human capital, fostering sustainable growth, and maintaining competitiveness in an increasingly dynamic business environment. To achieve these aims, this study delineates specific objectives: 1. To assess how training programs influence employee performance and productivity at JACK NGO. 2. To evaluate how development initiatives impact employee performance and productivity at JACK NGO. 3. To recommend well-structured training practices aimed at enhancing T&D processes within JACK NGO. Through a rigorous investigation into these objectives, this research aspires to illuminate the critical role of T&D in addressing current operational challenges faced by JACK NGO and establishing a robust framework for future organizational success. Literature Review Human Capital Theory and Employee Performance The Human Capital Theory has long been a foundation for understanding how investment in employee T&D enhances individual P&P and organizational productivity. According to (Ahmad & Bakar, 2003), organizations that invest in education and continuous 266 Impact of Training & Development (T&D) on Employee’s Performance & Productivity (P&P) learning for their workforce tend to have a more skilled, innovative, and productive labor force. More recently, Kaufman and Kahn (2019) extended this argument, stating that structured T&D programs improve technical skills and enhance employees’ decision-making abilities, making them more adaptable to industry changes. A key extension of this theory, explored by Ghosh and Gupta (2017), highlights the psychological impact of training. They argue that when employees perceive training as a career-enhancing tool, their motivation and engagement increase, leading to better job performance. This supports the notion that training has both direct effects (skill enhancement) and indirect effects (employee satisfaction and retention) on overall productivity. In a more recent study, Zehra (2025) further emphasized that digital transformation in training has reshaped human capital development. Organizations integrating technology-driven learning, such as AI-based personalized training and virtual reality simulations, experience a measurable boost in employee efficiency, task accuracy, and overall job performance. T&D Role in P&P Modern businesses recognize T&D as a strategic tool for improving employee performance and organizational productivity. Research by Salas et al. (2015) found that companies that regularly conduct structured training sessions report hi (...truncated)