Regional pressure and temperature variations across the injured human brain: comparisons between paired intraparenchymal and ventricular measurements

Childs and Shen Critical Care (2015) 19:267 DOI 10.1186/s13054-015-0982-x RESEARCH Open Access Regional pressure and temperature variations across the injured human brain: comparisons between paired intraparenchymal and ventricular measurements Charmaine Childs1* and Liang Shen2 Abstract Introduction: Intraparenchymal, multimodality sensors are commonly used in the management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The ‘gold standard’, based on accuracy, reliability and cost for intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is within the cerebral ventricle (external strain gauge). There are no standards yet for intracerebral temperature monitoring and little is known of temperature differences between brain tissue and ventricle. The aim of the study therefore was to determine pressure and temperature differences at intraparenchymal and ventricular sites during five days of continuous neuromonitoring. Methods: Patients with severe TBI requiring emergency surgery. Inclusion criteria: patients who required ICP monitoring were eligible for recruitment. Two intracerebral probe types were used: a) intraventricular, dual parameter sensor (measuring pressure, temperature) with inbuilt catheter for CSF drainage: b) multiparameter intraparenchymal sensor measuring pressure, temperature and oxygen partial pressure. All sensors were inserted during surgery and under aseptic conditions. Results: Seventeen patients, 12 undergoing neurosurgery (decompressive craniectomy n = 8, craniotomy n = 4) aged 21–78 years were studied. Agreement of measures for 9540 brain tissue-ventricular temperature ‘pairs’ and 10,291 brain tissue-ventricular pressure ‘pairs’ were determined using mixed model to compare mean temperature and pressure for longitudinal data. There was no significant overall difference for mean temperature (p = 0.92) or mean pressure readings (p = 0.379) between tissue and ventricular sites. With 95.8 % of paired temperature readings within 2SD (−0.4 to 0.4 °C) differences in temperature between brain tissue and ventricle were clinically insignificant. For pressure, 93.5 % of readings pairs fell within the 2SD range (−9.4756 to 7.8112 mmHg). However, for individual patients, agreement for mean tissue-ventricular pressure differences was poor on occasions. Conclusions: There is good overall agreement between paired temperature measurements obtained from deep white matter and brain ventricle in patients with and without early neurosurgery. For paired ICP measurements, 93.5 % of readings were within 2SD of mean difference. Whilst the majority of paired readings were comparable (within 10 mmHg) clinically relevant tissue-ventricular dissociations were noted. Further work is required to unravel the events responsible for short intervals of pressure dissociation before tissue pressure readings can be definitively accepted as a reliable surrogate for ventricular pressure. * Correspondence: 1 Centre for Health and Social Care Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Montgomery House, 32 Collegiate Crescent, Sheffield S102BP, UK Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2015 Childs and Shen. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Childs and Shen Critical Care (2015) 19:267 Introduction Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring continues to form the internationally agreed parameter used to identify secondary cerebral deterioration in patients with a severe (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 3–8) head injury [1]. This widely adopted measurement recommendation’s aim is to keep ICP below 20 mmHg, but whilst supported in the clinical setting it had not been confirmed by clinical ‘testing’ until the recent publication by Chestnut et al. [2]. Whilst the findings of this multicentre randomized controlled trial reveal no greater outcome benefit of protocolguided (intraparenchymal) ICP monitoring over computed tomography (CT) imaging and clinical examination at the 3-month and 6-month post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) time point, it must not yet be the time to disinvest in the potential advantages of ICP measurement per se. Without physiological measurement, we risk a retrograde step; rather, we should aim to understand the vagaries of clinical measurement and to endeavour to evaluate the accuracy, reliability and stability of our measuring devices [3, 4]; a timely consideration in view of the increasing number of sensors now marketed for ICP measurement as well as the probes emerging for tissue and ventricular temperature (and oxygen content). The long-held ‘gold standard’ technique for ICP measurement is via a catheter placed in the lateral ventricle, typically via a small right frontal burr hole [5]. Pressure readings are obtained either via the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled catheter attached to an external transducer [6] or, as more recently available, by microsensors implanted within the tip of the sensor [7]. Alternatively and commonly, ICP readings are obtained via microsensor systems implanted in the cerebral parenchyma [8]. In ‘next-generation’ systems, ICP can be measured in conjunction with temperature, tissue oxygen [9] and chemistry; and as the era of cerebral multimodality monitoring progresses, opportunities arise to be fully cognizant of the accuracy and reliability of the sensors and the instruments [3]. In addition, appreciation of the nature of regional variations (pressure and temperature, for example) serves to improve our certainty of ‘true’ intracranial measurement. This is particularly important if non-invasive systems [10] are to be validated against invasive systems. Here, the key issue is in the extent of site-specific pressure and temperature gradients. Objective In view of the potential for distortion and effacement of the ventricular system owing to intracerebral unilateral or bilateral lesions, insertion of sensors into the lateral ventricle is often extremely difficult. Intraparenchymal sensors provide an alternative solution. The objective of this study was to determine the extent of correspondence at intraparenchymal (tissue) and ventricular sites for pressure Page 2 of 9 and temperature in patients with and without emergency neurosurgery for severe TBI. Methods Study design A prospective, observational study was carried out in a cohort of patients with severe TBI. Participants Patients with severe TBI and with a range of GCS on admission (Table 1) who required emergency surgery for their brain injury and who, postoperatively and following standard care, required CSF drainage via an extraventricular drain toget (...truncated)