Design and synthesis of Zn0.3Fe0.45O3 nanoparticle for efficient removal of Congo red dye and its kinetic and isotherm investigation

International Journal of Industrial Chemistry https://doi.org/10.1007/s40090-018-0140-9 RESEARCH Design and synthesis of Zn0.3Fe0.45O3 nanoparticle for efficient removal of Congo red dye and its kinetic and isotherm investigation Ganesh Jethave1 · Umesh Fegade1 Received: 31 August 2017 / Accepted: 9 March 2018 © The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Zn0.3Fe0.45O3 bimetallic oxide nanoparticle (ZnFeBONp) was synthesized and characterized by FESEM, EDS, XRD, BET, TEM and FT-IR techniques with the aim of exploring its application for removing of Congo red dye from waste samples. The effects of pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and dye concentration on the removal of dye were investigated and optimized as pH 6.5, 40 min contact time, 0.2 g adsorbent dose for 20 ppm dye. Results indicated that the synthesized adsorbent could effectively remove high concentrations of dye in a short contact time. Isotherm modeling revealed that the Langmuir isotherm could better describe the adsorption of the dye on the ZnFeBONp as compared to other models. The qmax up to 333.33 mg g−1. The results showed that the adsorption system followed the Ho and McKay equations for the entire adsorption. Kinetics of Congo red adsorption on ZnFeBONp best fit with the pseudo-second-order model. Because of the high-specific surface area and nano-scale particle size, ZnFeBONp indicated favorable adsorption behavior for dye. Keywords ZnFeBONp · Isotherm modeling · Ho and McKay equations · Pseudo-second-order model Abbreviations αL Langmuir isotherm constant (L mg−1) C0 Initial dye concentration in liquid phase (mg L−1) Ce Liquid phase dye concentration at equilibrium (mg L−1) Ks Equilibrium rate constant of pseudo-second-order adsorption (g mg−1 min−1) Kf Freundlich constant (L g−1) KL Langmuir isotherm constant (L g−1) qe Amount of dye adsorbed at equilibrium (mg g−1) qt Amount of dye adsorbed at time t (mg g−1) Qmax Maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent (mg g−1) m Mass of adsorbent used (g) n Freundlich isotherm exponent R2 Linear correlation coefficient Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s40090-018-0140-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Umesh Fegade 1 Department of Chemistry, Bhusawal Arts, Science and P. O. Nahata Commerce College, Bhusawal, MH, India V Volume of dye solution (L) RL Separation factor Introduction Water pollution due to industrial dye effluent is a very serious problem which undergoes chemical as well as biological changes, consume dissolved oxygen, and destroy aquatic life [1–3]. Dyes are used in various industries such as construction, textile, paper, plastics, leather, cosmetics, etc., for the purpose of coloring the related products. Therefore, large amount of colored wastewater is produced. Many dyes are highly poisonous, carcinogenic, and stable from daylight and oxidation. Dyes not only make water colorful but also do harm for the survival of aquatic life and the ecosystem [2]. For example, dyes will deadly affect the photosynthetic aquatic life due to the reduction of light penetration [3]. Thus, the researcher working for developing an effective and suitable way to eliminate dye contamination from wastewater has become an urgent issue. Till date, several techniques, such as coagulation, biological treatment, chemical oxidation, photocatalytic degradation and adsorption, have been explored to remove the dye contaminants from wastewater [4–7]. Adsorption is a more competitive method for removal of dyes due to 13 Vol.:(0123456789) International Journal of Industrial Chemistry its high efficiency and economy. Currently, adsorption has been proved to be a simple and time-saving technology for removal of dyes [8], in which the key technology is to exploit selective and efficient adsorbents [9, 10]. Conventional adsorbents such as silica gel [11], activated alumina [12] and zeolite molecular sieve [13, 14], displayed low removal efficiency. In last few years, we synthesized the organic receptor for the selective and sensitive detection of metal ion and removal of phosphate from waste water [15–23]. In the current study, we report the synthesis of ZnFeBONP and explore its ability to remove Congo red (CR) from aqueous solution. Congo red was taken as models for azo dyes, for removal investigation. For the present study, a batch-contacttime method was used, and the equilibrium of CR adsorption on to ZnFeBONP was investigated with attempts to fit the data to Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations. The uptake of CR on ZnFeBONP was examined as a function of adsorbate concentration, adsorbent concentration and contact time. The kinetic order and thermodynamic parameter was deduced on CR adsorption on ZnFeBONP (Scheme 1). Materials and method Instrumentation A Metrohm model 713 pH-meter was used for pH measurements. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images were obtained with a Bruker S-4800 instrument operated at 15.0 kV. EDX was done on the same instrument at PM Image size: 500 × 375 Mag:40,000 × HV:15.0 kV. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was recorded by X-ray diffractometer (Germany, Bruker D8-advance, Cu Ka k = 1.54056 nm) for 2µ values over 10–700. The UV–Vis spectra were recorded on Scheme 1  Molecular structure of Congo red (CR) 13 Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrophotometer at room temperature using quartz cell of 1 cm path length, multipoint Brunauere–Emmere–Teller (BET) method were used for the determination of specific surface area of the nanoparticle from the N2 adsorption data at the relative pressure (P/P0) range of 0.05–1.0, FT-IR spectrum has been taken using Brukers instrument and in the range of 4000–500 cm−1. Reagents and materials All the chemicals and reagents used in this work were of analytical grade and purchased from Merck (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The water used for aqueous phase was MiliQ water (A Grade) in every stage of the study. Synthesis of ZnFeBONP The ZnFeBONP were synthesized according to a co-precipitation method followed by magnetic stirring. First, 4.5 g of ZnCl2 and 7.4 g of F eCl3 were added to 300 ml of DW. Then, 35 ml of 1 M NaOH solution was added to the former solution dropwise. The whole solution is then stirred with magnetic stirrer for 2 h at 60 °C temperature, leading to smaller and more homogenized particles. A brown precipitate quickly formed, which was allowed to crystallize completely for another 30 min. The precipitate was washed with DW by magnetic decantation until the pH of the suspension was less than 7.5. The suspension was filtered by means of suction pump, after filtration precipitate was dried at about 100 °C and then crush into powder and use for further study. Solution preparation and adsorption behavior Adsorption behavior was performed by adding 0.05 g of ZnFeBONP to the 50 ml of CR solution in a 100 ml conical flask. The pH of the CR solution was adjusted International Journal (...truncated)