Kidney allograft survival: the long and short of it

Nephrol Dial Transplant (2011): Editorial Comments 33. Johnson DW, Dent H, Hawley CM et al. Associations of dialysis modality and infectious mortality in incident dialysis patients in Australia and New Zealand. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 53: 290–297 34. Margetts PJ, Bonniaud P, Liu L et al. Transient overexpression of TGF-{beta}1 induces epithelial mesenchymal transition in the rodent peritoneum. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: 425–436 15 35. Zweers MM, de Waart DR, Smit W et al. Growth factors VEGF and TGF-beta1 in peritoneal dialysis. J Lab Clin Med 1999; 134: 124–132 Received for publication: 28.9.10; Accepted in revised form: 19.10.10 Nephrol Dial Transplant (2011) 26: 15–17 doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq730 Advance Access publication 0 Month 2010 Sundus A. Lodhi and Herwig-Ulf Meier-Kriesche Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Correspondence and offprint requests to: Herwig-Ulf Meier-Kriesche; E-mail: The unfortunate fact that long-term renal allograft survival has not followed the gains made in short-term allograft survival has been documented repeatedly in the United States [1] and also worldwide [2]. Undoubtedly, large inclusive datasets are needed to document certain overarching trends. Some of the most accepted risk factors for poor outcomes after transplantation like prolonged pre-transplant dialysis time [3] and the use of expanded criteria donors [4] needed conf irmatory analysis from large databases to quantify these effects. When in smaller datasets, risk factors that have been confirmed for larger populations are not evident, one of the two things might be happening. Either the local reality is different and the sampled population has different characteristics and treatments are possibly different than the overall population or there is inadequate power to adequately identify and quantify multiple risk factors at the same time. The authors of the paper and the staff of the Rogosin Institute are certainly to be congratulated for their excellent outcomes and the big progress their center has made [5]. Internal quality assessments are a key component to any program success. National trends might not be reflected in local populations and each center has to assess what works best in their local reality. Several centers have documented excellent local results despite the lack of national evidence of significant long-term progress. An important component of long-term survival is adequate care delivery to renal transplant patients. When centers are able to follow their patients very closely throughout their lifetime, this could make a substantial difference in outcomes. It is in fact very possible that much of the longterm attrition in renal transplant outcomes in the United States is driven by lack of medication availability and specialized medical care in general. The complicated socioeco- nomic realities of renal transplantation emphasize early transplant funding while later funding is clearly inadequate. Not only do Medicare beneficiaries lose their immunosuppressive drug coverage 3 years after transplantation, but clinic visits for renal transplant patients are a long-term financial liability for care providers because of low reimbursements. If these are in fact strong divers of long-term renal transplant attrition, then it is very possible that single institution might be able to overcome these difficulties. On the other hand, if established risk factors like ECD donors and prolonged dialysis time do not come up in the limited population as risk factors questions about the power of the analysis start surfacing. The authors conducted a single-center retrospective analysis of 1476 kidney transplant recipients from 1963 to 2006 stratified by immunosuppression protocol [5]. They report an increase in patient and kidney survival over time and as immunosuppression protocols changed. Their analysis of long-term survival includes an actual 5-year survival analysis, as well as a 1-year conditional analysis, thus evaluating a 4-year survival rate of only those grafts still functioning after 1 year. As in concordance with previous studies, patient and graft survival improved in the era of calcineurin inhibitor use beginning the mid-1980s (Protocols 2–5 in the study). Rejection rates have dramatically improved along with our ability to quell the impact of early rejection, thus leading to improved short-term survival. In their most-recent protocol, which involves induction therapy and steroid sparing, they report an acute rejection rate of 5.8% in 188 patients with an 86% 5-year survival rate and a 92% graft survival rate in those grafts functioning 1 year after transplant. While older recipient age, black race, diabetes, delayed graft function and presence of rejection in the first year emerged as significant risk factors for ac- © The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of ERA-EDTA. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: Kidney allograft survival: the long and short of it 16 Nephrol Dial Transplant (2011): Editorial Comments Deceased (n=164,480) and Living (n=88,430) donor kidney transplant half-lives in the US 15 Half-life (years) 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 Transplant Year DDTx LDTx Adapted from: Lamb et.al.9 AJT early online 25 OCT 2010 Fig. 1. Deceased (n = 164480) and living (n = 88430) donor kidney transplant half-lives in the US. tual graft survival, only acute rejection was significant for conditional survival in this study. The methodology and era analysis in this paper illustrate some finer points to be considered when separating graft survival into short- and long-term rates. Improvements in acute rejection rates certainly have translated into very good first-year graft survival rates that now exceed 90%, leaving little room for improvement [6]. One-year conditional survival rates introduce a selection bias of those allografts that have already proven their robustness by surviving the critical period of higher risk of rejection and post-surgical complications. Another way to quantify long-term survival to patients in a clinically relevant manner is the concept of half-lives where both early and late effects are combined to give a clinically meaningful assessment of survival probability. The other scenario that can be helpful is death-censored data to quantify how long the kidney will last in a patient who stays alive. In the US renal transplant population as a whole, outcomes have unfortunately not mirrored the trend described in the Rogosin center report. In 1991, Gjertson reported that although survival took a dramatic rise upward between the years 1975 and 1990, starting at 44% survival and increasing to 81%, 2-year conditional allograft half-life remained stagnant at ∼7 years [7]. Subsequently, the report of kidney allograft half-lives assessed from 1995 to 2000 from UNOS registr (...truncated)