OBJECTIVES:We aimed to test the hypotheses that (i) plasma choline metabolites differ between normal (body mass index (BMI)<25 kg m−2) and overweight (BMI 25 kg m−2) men, and (ii) an elevated BMI alters associations between plasma choline metabolites and indicators of metabolic stress.DESIGN:This was a cross-sectional study. A one-time fasting blood sample was obtained for...
Background:Individuals who focused on calorie counting lost more weight than those who focused on increasing vegetable and fruit (V&F) intake in a weight loss program. We now present serum carotenoid data (biomarkers of V&F intake) from both groups and test whether these biomarkers correlate with changes in weight and body fat.Design:Sixty obese volunteers were randomized to one...
Objective:The contribution of genetic variants to body mass index (BMI) during adolescence across multiethnic samples is largely unknown. We selected genetic loci associated with BMI or obesity in European-descent samples and examined them in a multiethnic adolescent sample.Design and Sample:In 5103 European American (EA), 1748 African American (AfA), 1304 Hispanic American (HA...
Objective:The aim was to investigate adipose tissue vascular and metabolic effects of an adrenaline infusion in vivo in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Design:Clinical intervention study with 1-h intravenous adrenaline infusion.Subjects:Eight male overweight T2DM subjects and eight male weight-matched, non-T2DM subjects were studied before, during and...
Objective:A better understanding of the processes influencing energy expenditure could provide new therapeutic strategies for reducing obesity. As the metabolic activity of the brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle is an important determinant of overall energy expenditure and adiposity, we investigated the role of genes that could influence cellular bioenergetics in...
Background and Design:Adiponectin is an adipokine secreted primarily from adipose tissue that can influence circulating plasma glucose and lipid levels through multiple mechanisms involving a variety of organs. In humans, reduced plasma adiponectin levels induced by obesity are associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, suggesting that low adiponectin levels may...
Objective:The purpose of this study was to examine whether baseline sleep duration predicts weight loss outcomes in a randomized controlled trial examining a behavioral weight loss (BWL) intervention among overweight and obese (OW/OB) women with urinary incontinence; and whether participation in the BWL intervention is associated with changes in sleep duration.Design:Longitudinal...
Night eating syndrome (NES) was first identified in 1955 by Stunkard, a psychiatrist specialising in eating disorders (ED). Over the last 20 years considerable progress has been made in defining NES as a significant clinical entity in its own right and it has now been accepted for inclusion in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5...
The purpose of this study was to determine the association between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and all-cause mortality. The sample included 1089 white men and women 18–84 years of age from the Pennington Center Longitudinal Study, a prospective cohort of participants assessed between 1995 and 2008, and followed for mortality until 31 December 2009. Abdominal VAT was measured at...
Objective:The mechanisms involved in early resolution of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus after biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) surgery are still unknown. We evaluated early effects of BPD-DS on plasma acylation stimulating protein (ASP), an adipokine involved in lipid and glucose metabolism.Subjects:32 non-diabetic and 22 diabetic severely...
Background:A high-protein (HP), low-fat weight-loss diet may be advantageous for improving cardiometabolic health outcomes and body composition. To date, only limited research has been conducted in male participants.Objective:To evaluate the medium to long-term effects of two, low-fat, hypocaloric diets differing in carbohydrate:protein ratio on body composition and...
Background:Obesity is a major public health epidemic and is associated with increased risk of heart failure and mortality. We evaluated the impact of body mass index (BMI) on the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction (DD).Methods:We reviewed clinical records and echocardiogram of patients with baseline echocardiogram between 1996 and 2005 that showed normal left ventricular...
Objectives:Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is an independent risk factor in cardiometabolic diseases and is commonly measured by computed tomography (CT). It is measured clinically by waist circumference (WC). The L4/5 intervertebral space VAT (L4/5 VAT) is traditionally used to represent total VAT volume. We set out to determine (1) the level of intervertebral space on CT that...
Obesity and related complications are major health burdens. Almost 700 million adults are currently obese globally and the prevalence is predicted to rise towards 2030. The sudden change of lifestyle with physical inactivity and excessive calorie intake undoubtedly have a major part of the epidemic development; however, some individuals seem to be more prone to be affected by an...
Objective:Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is associated with hyperglycemia-driven microvascular pathology and neuronal compromise in the retina. However, DR is also linked to dyslipidemia. As omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are protective in proliferative retinopathy, we investigated the capacity of ω-3PUFAs to preserve retinal function in a mouse model of type 2...
The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of overweight in only children to those with siblings and to explore potential behavioral mediating factors. This study relies upon cross-sectional data collected at survey centers in eight European countries participating in Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infantS...
OBJECTIVE:The menin tumor suppressor protein is abundantly expressed in the liver, although no function has been identified because of lack of tumor development in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (Men1) null livers. We examine the phenotype of mice lacking one functional allele of Men1 (consistent with the phenotype in humans with MEN1 syndrome) challenged with high fat diet...
Background:Mechanisms underlying coffee's beneficial actions against cardiovascular disease and glucose metabolism are not well understood. Little information is available regarding association between coffee consumption and adipocytokines.Objective:We investigated potential associations between coffee consumption and adiponectin, leptin, markers for subclinical inflammation...
Background:We examined the ability of the apolipoprotein AI mimetic peptide L-4F to improve the metabolic state of female and male ob mice and the mechanisms involved.Methods:Female and male lean and obese (ob) mice were administered L-4F or vehicle for 6 weeks. Body weight was measured weekly. Fat distribution, serum cytokines and markers of cardiovascular dysfunction were...
Objective:To compare the effects of weight loss on visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat, liver and pancreas lipid content and to test the effects of these changes on metabolic improvement observed after weight loss.Design:Weight-loss program designed to achieve a loss of 7–10% of the initial weight.Subjects:24 obese subjects (13 males and 11 females) with age ranging from 26...
BACKGROUND:A low-grade state of adipose tissue inflammation associated with obesity has been linked to mechanisms of systemic metabolic dysfunction. However, the relation of clinical phenotypes to depot-specific inflammation has not been well examined in human obesity.OBJECTIVE:To characterize the inflammatory status of subcutaneous and visceral fat depots, as assessed by tissue...
Recent findings on the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad3 signaling in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes have underscored its importance in metabolism and adiposity. Indeed, elevated TGF-β has been previously reported in human adipose tissue during morbid obesity and diabetic neuropathy. In this review, we discuss the pleiotropic effects of TGF-β/Smad3...
Objectives:Because females have blunted counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia relative to males, we hypothesized that females would have greater sensitivity to changes in lipid availability.Design and subjects:To assess this, we examined the feeding response to glucoprivation (2-deoxyglucose; 2DG) and lipoprivation (mercaptoacetate; MA) in age-matched male and female Long...
Objective:Subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue stearic acid (18:0) content and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1)-mediated production of oleic acid (18:1) have been suggested to be altered in obesity. The objective of our study was to examine abdominal adipose tissue fatty acid content and SCD1 mRNA/protein level in women.Subjects and methods:Fatty acid content was determined by...
Background:Alterations in the composition of gut microbiota —known as dysbiosis— have been proposed to contribute to the development of obesity, thereby supporting the potential interest of nutrients acting on the gut microbes to produce beneficial effect on host energetic metabolism. Non-digestible fermentable carbohydrates present in cereals may be interesting nutrients able to...