Study of Protein Biomarkers of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and Therapy with Vitamin B1

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Diabetes Research Volume 2015, Article ID 150176, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/150176 Review Article Study of Protein Biomarkers of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and Therapy with Vitamin B1 Samreen Riaz Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan Correspondence should be addressed to Samreen Riaz; Received 15 September 2014; Revised 27 January 2015; Accepted 3 February 2015 Academic Editor: Joseph Fomusi Ndisang Copyright © 2015 Samreen Riaz. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In the present research work, the levels of protein biomarkers specific to diabetes mellitus type 2 in the Pakistani population using proteomic technology have been identified and characterized and effect of high dose thiamine has been seen on the levels of these marker proteins. Diabetic patients and normal healthy controls were recruited from the Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Total biochemical assays and proteins were estimated by modern proteomic techniques. Some proteins were up- and downregulated in diabetic samples as compared to control and decreased after thiamine therapy, while other protein markers did not show a significant change after the thiamine therapy. The effect of high dose thiamine on the levels of these identified protein biomarkers in the human urine has also been observed. Assessment of the levels of these biomarkers will be helpful in not only early diagnosis but also prognosis of diabetes mellitus type 2. 1. Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic and multifactorial syndrome with disordered metabolism and hyperglycemia. On the etiological basis, factors which contributed to the DM and hyperglycemia are reduced secretion of insulin, inherited or acquired insulin deficiency, ineffectiveness of insulin, and low glucose utilization with high production of glucose. The root causes of diabetes are very much complex. Most of the cases start with two processes, metabolic and autoimmune. Some risk factors which contributed to longterm complications for DM are diet, overweight, obesity, smoking, alcohol, level of physical activity, hormones, some medical treatments, viruses, vascular or cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, heart conditions, stroke, kidney disease, eye diseases, nerve damage, impaired thinking, infections and wounds, cancer, musculoskeletal disorders, pregnancy complications, emotional difficulties, insulin shock, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic state. The uncontrollable risk factors like genetics and age cannot be altered by people. People can lower the controllable risk factors like exercise and diet through improved health habits and can reduce their risk of developing diabetes [1, 2]. There are several types of DM which exist and are caused by genetic or environmental factors and lifestyle choices. DM is classified into different types on the basis of pathogenic process. The two important types of DM are known as type 1 and type 2. Type 1 DM is juvenile diabetes and is called as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in which the pancreas fails to produce insulin due to autoimmune betacell destruction. It is usually diagnosed in young age like in children, adolescents, and young adults. Type 2 DM is adult-onset diabetes and is called as noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) which results from the body tissues and cells inability to respond properly to the action of insulin. There are some other abnormalities like genetic and metabolic abnormalities which are produced in response to insulin action and secretion. Type 2 DM usually occurs in adulthood and develops more with the age and sometimes it is also observed in children and some adolescents having obesity. There are some other types of DM in which specific genetic defects, metabolic and mitochondrial abnormalities, and some conditions that impair glucose tolerance are included [1, 2]. Diabetes is one of the most widely occurring human ailments and the world wide prevalence has risen over 2 the past two decades. According to new publications of some health agencies like World Health Organization (WHO) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF), diabetes becomes an epidemic which is not controlled like other major diseases, for example, cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and becomes sixth leading cause of death worldwide. Humans are not the only species that can develop DM. This disease occurs also in some animals like dogs, cats, and others. Type 2 DM is much more common than type 1 DM and makes up about 90% of all cases of diabetes. It is more common in the developing countries like Pakistan than developed countries. The incidence of this disease in any developed or developing country is difficult to judge. It is quite obvious that the disease is multiplying geometrically more due to genetic and environmental factors [3]. Vitamin is an organic nutrient which is essential and is required in tiny amounts. A vitamin cannot be synthesized by the human body. There are two main types of vitamins: fat soluble and water soluble vitamins. The water soluble vitamins must be eaten more regularly than fat soluble vitamins. Thiamine (vitamin B1 ) is a water soluble vitamin. It has been used singly and in the compound form as a member of B complex family. It has important role in carbohydrates and fat metabolism and is essential for normal growth and development of the human body. It also maintains proper function of the heart, nerves, and digestive system. It occurs as a part of our diet and is present in some diets like cereals, fortified bread, rice, nuts, meats, and legumes. Recommended intake of thiamine for men is 1.4 mg/day, for woman is 1.1 mg/day, for pregnant women is 1.5 mg/day, and for breast feeding is 1.6 mg/day. 100 g corn flakes or 3-4 dL soya milk or 300 g ham covers the daily need. It occurs as a part of our diet. Its deficiency results in a disease called beri beri in which cardiovascular, neurological, and dermatological complications arise. Thiamine deficiency was treated with 50–100 mg of thiamine per day for several days followed by 5–10 mg of oral thiamin per day which was given in parenteral. Treatment is successful in about 50% of patients and replacement of other vitamins as needed. Toxicity of thiamine is not known or reported; it is generally safe. However aside of this restricted use and as a general tonic, it has never been administered as therapy for the diseases for many years [4]. Biomarker is a substance which is used as an indicator for pathological state of disease and a characteristic that is estimated and evaluated for normal, pathological, and pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be used in l (...truncated)