http://indecs.eu/2019/indecs2019-pp468-475.pdf

Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 17(3-A), 476-484, 2019 BUILDING AND OPERATING A SMART CITY Richárd Pető1, *and Dániel Tokody2 1 Óbuda University, Donát Bánki Faculty of Mechanical and Safety Engineering Budapest, Hungary 1 2 Óbuda University, Safety and Security Sciences Doctoral School Budapest, Hungary 2 DOI: 10.7906/indecs.17.3.6 Regular article Received: 7 February 2019. Accepted: 31 August 2019. ABSTRACT Building and operating a smart city can only be based on solid foundations. However, such solid foundations – for example architectural, mechanical, IT, security, etc. factors – are unavailable or incomplete in most cases. Consequently, the process should begin with their design and construction. A construction site and its arrangement changes day by day. The building process of the structure of a building may be an important change, as, for example, after the substructure phase, the construction of a new level is completed in every two weeks, or after finishing the structure, the internal walls and the infrastructure of the building are added. These changes on the site, and the resources, needs, rules, and (work) processes necessary for such changes also keep changing. From the aspect of safety-science this means that new threats appear, the frequency of potential risks changes, and the extent of damage changes. The purpose of this article is to briefly describe the security issues relating to the building processes of smart cities, highlighting the field of information security. KEY WORDS IT, information, construction, construction yard, security, coordination, risk CLASSIFICATION JEL: D21, F52, G38, H11, H12, K00 * Corresponding author, : ; +36 30 9357667; *Hungary, 1096 Budapest Haller utca 20. Building and operating a smart city INTRODUCTION “The development methodology of settlements or groups of settlements, which advances the natural and man-made environment, digital infrastructure, the quality and economic efficiency of services with the use of modern and innovative information technologies in a sustainable fashion with the enhanced involvement of the population” [1]. Therefore, the smart city is a city that uses data and technologies to improve the lives of its citizens and businesses. The key technologies behind the success of a smart city are the IoP (Internet of People) and the IoT (Internet of Things) [2]. Figure 1. IoT devices [3]. The number of IoTs is well above that of the IoPs [4]. An increasing number of buildings, objects, or items are now equipped with some type of sensors (of light intensity, temperature, pressure, motion, or other physical, chemical, physiological impulses) [5]. Such sensors are the sensors of the IoT system, which are connected to the IoT platform through different networks and nodes. The devices use these sensors to probe the environment from time to time (sound, air composition, visual images, etc.). The environment can be interpreted at several levels, such as a person or object, room, facility, settlement, etc. even globally. Some specific examples are:  a wrist watch that measures heart rate,  a smart TV searching for voice prompts,  an engineering control centre of a building, which adjusts the room temperature on the basis of human presence, set temperature and sun sensor data,  an urban surveillance camera that records and transmits live images of people in public areas. The signals reach the information processing site via (either wired or wireless) communication channels. The “size” of the data processing centre is fundamentally determined by the task assigned to it. In China, a Social Credit System is planned to be introduced by 2020. The basic idea of the system is that the state can directly influence citizens by granting or denying certain activities based on the scores associated with the citizens' electronic profile. For example, people who have an insufficient amount of points, will be deprived of the chance to purchase a train or air ticket [6]. In March 2018, 9 million airline tickets and 3 million train tickets were blocked [7]. 477 R. Pető and D. Tokody An interesting element of the system is that currently surveillance is supported by 200 million cameras in the country with nearly 1,4 billion inhabitants [8-10]. The centralised management of technological devices comprises a challenge in itself, not to mention the analytical and data management processes. In the beginning these resources are not available, they must be developed and operationalized [11, 12]. Unfortunately, for the past several years in the construction industry, I have not experienced any development in the field of security technology (and IT protection in particular) in largescale (and small-scale) construction projects. One possible reason for this may be that the construction sector has an extremely high percentage of undeclared work force: “According to the Labour Inspectorate of the National Tax and Customs Administration (NAV), in the first three quarters of 2015, the construction sector had the highest level of undeclared work force – nearly 3 300 inspections were carried out in construction companies, and more than two-thirds of them were found to have some irregularities. Undeclared work means employment bypassing labour and tax regulations and other employment legislations” [13]. The following chapters will briefly review, in general terms, the security problems encountered during construction processes. PARTICIPANTS OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT This chapter describes the actors involved in the construction process and their roles, as well as the organizational plan process, which is important for implementation and, at the same time, for safety technology. THE CUSTOMER The customer identifies the investment to be realized. (S)he signs a contract with a general contractor on the construction, acquires building permissions, monitors the construction work, covers the costs of building and later those of maintaining the facility, etc. The necessary expenses are covered from own resources or from a bank loan [14]. THE GENERAL CONTRACTOR The general contractor enters into an obligation to carry out construction and technology work in a comprehensive manner. The general contractor's scope of responsibilities includes “assembly preparation work (fence building around the construction site, constructing electrical transformers and measuring points, installing site buildings, constructing temporary roads); civil engineering work (excavation, building foundations, substructures, public utilities and doing ancillary work); overground construction work (supporting structures, partitioning structures, cladding and finishing work, interior decoration, installation of doors and windows and their ancillary work); building engineering (installation of water and gas supply systems and sewerage, lifts, installation of central heating, electrical fittings, building installation and fitting work and the (...truncated)