Synthesis of magnetic Fe3O4/activated carbon prepared from banana peel (BPAC@Fe3O4) and salvia seed (SSAC@Fe3O4) and applications in the adsorption of Basic Blue 41 textile dye from aqueous solutions

Applied Water Science (2022) 12:88 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01622-6 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Synthesis of magnetic Fe3O4/activated carbon prepared from banana peel (BPAC@Fe3O4) and salvia seed (SSAC@Fe3O4) and applications in the adsorption of Basic Blue 41 textile dye from aqueous solutions Aynaz Mohammadifard1 · Dalia Allouss2 · Mehdi Vosoughi3,4 · Abdollah Dargahi3 · Amir Moharrami1 Received: 7 July 2021 / Accepted: 8 March 2022 © The Author(s) 2022 Abstract Textile industries use large amounts of water and chemicals for finishing and dying processes. The chemical structures of dyes vary enormously, and some have complicated aromatic structures that resist degradation in conventional wastewater treatment processes because of their stability to sunlight, oxidizing agents, and microorganisms. The objective of this research is to compare the adsorption efficiency of two types of magnetic activated carbons derived from Banana peel and Salvia seed for the removal of basic blue 41 dye. The faculty of the produced activated carbons to remove basic blue 41 dye from aqueous solutions via batch adsorption has been examined under several operating conditions such as pH, adsorbent dose, initial adsorbate concentration and contact time. The cheap, non-toxic produced activated carbons (AC) were characterized by scanning electron microscope and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyses. The best conditions of dye adsorption with BPAC@ Fe3O4 equal to pH = 9, AC dose 0.5 g/L , dye concentration 50 mg/L and equilibrium contact time 30 min, optimal dye adsorption conditions for SSAC@Fe3O4 equal to pH = 9, adsorbent dose 0.75 mg/L , dye concentration 50 mg/L and equilibrium contact time is 30 min. This study followed the Langmuir isotherm model well with regression coefficient of R2= 0.9886 for BPAC@Fe3O4 and regression coefficient of R2= 0.9764 for SSAC@Fe3O4. Keywords Basic blue 41 dye · Activated carbon · Banana peel and salvia seed · BPAC@Fe3O4 and SSAC@Fe3O4 · Adsorption Introduction Textile industry wastewater contains various types of pollutants such as dyes, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and other toxic resistant * Mehdi Vosoughi * Abdollah Dargahi 1 School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran 2 Laboratoire de Matériaux, Catalyse et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, URAC 24, FST, Université Hassan II-Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco 3 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran 4 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran compounds that are discharged into the environment, especially the receiving waters with irreversible health and environmental hazards (Hasani et al. 2021; Peyghami et al. 2021). Contamination of this wastewater in proportion to the colors in the wastewater reduces the penetration of light into the receiving water. The numerical value of the BOD/COD ratio indicates the degree of biodegradability of organic matter, which in the case of colored wastewater is usually less than 0.25, and indicates that such wastewater contains a large amount of biodegradable organic matter (Chiou et al. 2006; Samarghandi et al. 2021; Dargahi et al. 2021b; Azizi et al. 2019). The dyes used in the textile industry are divided into several groups: 1- Anionic dyes (acidic, direct and reactive), 2- Cationic dyes (all base dyes), 3- Non-dye dyes (Karadag et al. 2007). Basic blue 41 dye with molecular formula C20H26N4O6S, color index number 11105, molecular weight 450 g/mol, and wavelength 600 nm can be seen in industrial wastewater (Fig. 1) (Mahmoudi et al. 2007). Colored wastewater treatment methods are classified into three groups: physical methods and chemical and 13 Vol.:(0123456789) 88 Page 2 of 11 Applied Water Science (2022) 12:88 optimal speed as well as high efficiency (Salehnia et al. 2016; Kakavandi et al. 2014). In the present study, the efficiency of magnetic activated carbon of banana peel (BPAC@Fe3O4) and magnetic activated carbon of Salvia seed (SSAC@Fe3O4) in the removal of cationic dye BB41 were compare. Materials and methods Fig. 1  Structural formula of BB41 dye biological processes, Among these methods, adsorption on activated carbon, sedimentation, chemical oxidation, optical and biological decomposition and coagulation are common (Malakootian and Moridi 2017; Samarghandi et al. 2020a; Pirsaheb et al. 2016). Among the common removal methods, adsorption is recognized as a promising technique due to its simplicity, low cost and high efficiency (Zhong et al. 2012; Samarghandi et al. 2020b). Zeolites, alginates, chitosans, clays, etc. have been suggested as adsorbents. Activated carbon is the most widely used adsorbent today due to its wide surface area, porosity and high adsorption capacity (Lim et al. 2009). The efficiency of the adsorption process using commercial activated carbon to remove various dyes from the effluent has made it an ideal method compared to other expensive treatment technologies (Temdrara et al. 2013; Samarghandi et al. 2021a). Agricultural products and by-products are abundant and necessarily disposable waste, when they are disposed of by incineration, they produce C O 2 and other forms of pollution. Production of activated carbon from horticultural waste, in addition to cheap production of this product and meeting many industrial and environmental needs, also reduces the volume of production waste (Sayyahzadeh et al. 2012; Shokoohi et al. 2018). Salvia seeds due to their fatty acid groups and banana peel also have a very high amount of carbon in their composition due to their carbohydrate groups and can be used in the production of activated carbon (Razavi et al. 2013; Zazouli and Balarak 2016). Magnetic activated carbon has a unique property so that magnetic nanoparticles coated with activated carbon can be easily separated by an external magnetic field (Shokoohi et al. 2020). Unfortunately, the main problem with using powdered activated carbon or adsorbents with nanosize or nanoparticles is their separation from the solution due to the small particle size, so dispersion and secondary contamination are the main problems of these systems. Therefore, magnetizing these adsorbents can be a suitable solution to solve many of these problems. Recently, the magnetic separation method has been widely used due to its low cost, simplicity and 13 Materials The dye stock solution was prepared by dissolving the dye powder in double distilled water. Raw materials including BB41 dye powder from Alvan Sabet Hamedan Company and iron (II) chloride, iron (III) chloride, 25% ammonium, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide were prepared from Merck company in Germany. H2SO4 and NaOH In order to adjust the pH of the solution containing dye and for reading and calculating the dye concentration, spectrophotometric device model DR-5000 m (...truncated)