Evaluation and deployment of a unified MPPT controller for hybrid Luo converter in combined PV and wind energy systems

www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Evaluation and deployment of a unified MPPT controller for hybrid Luo converter in combined PV and wind energy systems K. Kumar 1, V. Lakshmi Devi 1, C. Dhanamjayulu 2*, Hossam Kotb 3 & Ali ELrashidi 4,5* This work emphasizes the development and examination of a Hybrid Luo Converter integrated with a unified Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for both grid and independent hybrid systems. The primary objectives of this hybrid system are to efficiently harness power from intermittent and variable renewable sources while elevating low-voltage energy inputs to utility-grade levels. Unlike previous studies employing specific MPPT algorithms for solar and wind sources, this work aims to simplify the control system by utilizing a unified MPPT controller. This research also introduces a novel approach involving dual-lift hybrid Luo converters to create hybrid systems, operating exclusively or concurrently based on the availability of renewable resources. To maximize power generation from all renewable sources, a unified MPPT algorithm is developed. The hybrid system, incorporates 500 W wind and 560 W PV systems, the innovative Luo converter, and the unified MPPT controller. A comprehensive comparative analysis is presented, comparing the hybrid system’s performance with that of traditional control algorithms, such as the Perturb & Observe, and Radial Basis Function Network controllers. The successful prototype of the converter validates the practicality of the proposed approach. In recent decades, the usage of fossil fuels has drastically augmented owing to the mandate for electricity in human day-to-day life1,2. The continued consumption of fossil fuels has led to their depletion, and their combustion produces harmful by-products. Finding the best clean and green energy sources that can keep up with the needs of today’s fully electrified society has been a major focus of scientific inquiry for the past few decades3,4. Photovoltaic (PV) and wind are two of the utmost promising clean energy in use today because of their low or no environmental impact and high potential for widespread adoption. The grid installed capacity of the renewable energy sources is 133,886.18 MW, in which PV contribution is 54% and wind contribution is 33% as of the 31st December 20235. The unpredictable and at times unpredictable input weather conditions of clean energy sources make for erratic power output and an inability to keep up with load demands6. This raises doubts about harnessing the power of renewable. The solution to the aforesaid issues, the incorporation of multiple Regenerative sources with storage devices is one of the most promising solutions. Integration methodologies and maximum power tracking power converters are needed to maximize hybrid system power. The literature contains many power converters for hybridizing energy sources, including AC shunt, DC shunt, and hybrid mixed systems. In7, the authors developed a high-gain converter for multiple RES. By changing the linked inductor winding turns ratio, the system achieves high voltage transfer gain. The experimental findings are compared with the theoretical values and the implanted hybrid system provides an overall efficacy of 94%. 1 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati, India. 2School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. 3Department of Electrical Power and Machines, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt. 4Electrical Engineering Department, University of Business and Technology, Ar Rawdah, 23435 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 5Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt. *email: ; Scientific Reports | (2024) 14:3248 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53605-z 1 Vol.:(0123456789) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ A novel DC-DC converter of three input ports has been formulated and presented in8, the configuration provides input terminals for solar power and Fuel Cell systems and a bi-directional port for connecting the battery system. Four peculiar duty ratio signals are generated to govern the power switches in the developed configuration. A new zero voltage switching converter was presented in9, a multi-input converter for boosting the peculiar low voltage to desired and stable voltages. A complementary circuit consisting of negligible inductance is engaged to turn on the converter in two modes. A flexible matrix converter was invented b y10 to add renewable energy sources to the grid. The nine-switch matrix converter works similarly, although it has additional power inputs. The lower section unites three hybrid energy systems, while the above section communicates with the wind power generator. Simple Ex-OR gate logic modulates and controls the system, which features a top half that operates as a 3-Ø rectifier for the wind and a bottom half that provides three sources with DC-DC conversion. The authors11 developed an integrated Cuk-SEPIC converter by sharing the Cuk inductor L 2 with the SEPIC and by rearranging the converter diodes which reduces the converter components for the hybrid system and eliminates the need for the input filter. The additional major issue is the requirement of individual and dedicated maximum power tracking algorithms, which causes complexity in the system implementation. In literature, many authors have proposed universal MPPT c ontrollers12–16, which are worm to elicit the maximal power from RES, but the universal MPPT techniques have limitations of requiring a dedicated controller for each source, which in turn increases the implementation complexity. MPPT controllers vary in power extraction, tracking speed, and other features. Authors17–21 suggested maximum power point (MPP) extraction from RES with consistent tracking speed and MPPT controller characteristics to solve system implementation issues. Many MPPT algorithms remove MPP from PV and wind s ources22–26. A hybrid Luo (HL) converter with one MPPT controller is shown in this study. The suggested converter splits charging and DC link capacitors across converters with negative output to produce a multi-input system. The solar-wind energy system may now harvest maximum power points with a unified MPPT controller. A hybrid converter MPPT architecture controls power from both sources better. In this article, "Design of hybrid system" section presents the design of a proposed hybrid system. In "Analysis of hybrid Luo converter" section, the analysis of the hybrid Luo converter. The Unified MPPT control techniques are discussed in "Unified MPPT control techniques" section. The analysis and discussion of the proposed system are presented in "Analysis and discussion on the proposed system" section. Finally, "Conclusion" section presents the conclusion. Design of hybrid system Figure 1 depicts the syste (...truncated)