A Review of Properties, Engine Performance, Emission Characteristics and Material Compatibility Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil (WCO)

Automotive Experiences Vol. 6 No. 3 (2023) pp. 624-651 p-ISSN: 2615-6202 e-ISSN: 2615-6636 A Review of Properties, Engine Performance, Emission Characteristics and Material Compatibility Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) Suherman1,2, Ilmi Abdullah2 , M.Sabri2, Muhammad Turmuzi3, Arridina Susan Silitonga4,6, Surya Dharma4, Marnida Yusfiani5 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Medan 20238, Indonesia Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia 3Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Medan, Medan 20155, Indonesia 5Department of Chemistry Education, State University of Medan, Medan 20211, Indonesia 6Center for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia 2 https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.10128 Published by Automotive Laboratory of Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang collaboration with Association of Indonesian Vocational Educators (AIVE) Abstract Article Info Submitted: 01/09/2023 Revised: 11/11/2023 Accepted: 24/11/2023 Online first: 27/11/2023 Biodiesel is one of the renewable energy sources, non-fossil. The chosen feedstock should ideally be low-cost. Using waste cooking oil can reduce synthetic biodiesel's price by up to 70%. However, biodiesel has the advantage of lower heating value and higher density, causing increased fuel consumption and NOx emissions. Biodiesel has physicochemical properties such as a more significant cetane number than fossil diesel, a high flash point, and the absence of sulfur. This study identifies the potential availability of WCO as biodiesel and summarizes recent studies on the physiochemical properties of WCO biodiesel. This study also aims to clarify the use of WCO biodiesel on engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics (H.C., CO, CO2, NOx) when this biodiesel is used. Engine type and biodiesel ratio were identified for all articles. This study also discusses the effect of adding nanoparticles on engine performance and exhaust emissions in WCO biodiesel. This study also clarifies material compatibility (corrosion, wear, and friction). The corrosion rate in various types of materials and corrosion testing methods. Finally, this paper presents the opportunity for WCO biodiesel to be very feasible to reduce fossil diesel use. Keywords: Biodiesel WCO; Corrosion; Engine performance; Emission; Wear; Friction 1. Introduction Energy consumption is rising globally due to rapid population expansion, urbanization, economic development, and industrialization [1]. Oil, coal, and gas are the main non-renewable energy sources that meet most of the world's energy needs. Fossil fuels will eventually run out [2]. 25% of all energy used worldwide is related to the transport sector, making it the largest energy consumer in the world [3]. Fossil fuels are being used extensively, which has caused a rapid depletion of their reserves and increased air pollution, including acid rain global warming [4], [5] and droughts' intensification [6]. A non-petroleum-based biofuel, biodiesel is one of the renewable energy sources by 2030 [7], it is predicted that biofuels will make up about 4-7% of the energy consumed worldwide. Due to its qualities, such as a greater cetane number than fossil diesel, a high flash point, and the absence of sulphur, biodiesel is widely acknowledged as a renewable fuel in the energy market [8]. However, NOx emissions have slightly increased overall. Noticed with the usage of oxygenated fuels such as biodiesel [9]. There is an increase in carbon monoxide, polyaromatics, smoke, etc., which reduces the net greenhouse effect [10]. Various sources can make biodiesel, including edible and This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Automotive Experiences 624 © Suherman et al. non-edible oils, waste oil, and animal fats [11]. Few technological and financial limitations prevented the use of non-edible sources and edible oil as basic ingredients. The result was made more difficult by the limited feedstock supply for biodiesel production [12]. Approximately 95% of the world's biodiesel is made from edible oils. The price of edible oil and biodiesel has increased to 1.5 to 2 times that of diesel due to using edible oil in manufacturing biodiesel [13]. A significant obstacle to the commercialization of biodiesel is the price increase of raw materials, particularly vegetable oil [14]. Additionally, due to present manufacturing methods, biodiesel costs are increasing faster than diesel fuel [15]. Using nonedible or used cooking oil can cut the price of synthetic biodiesel by up to 70% [16]. The price of the finished product will be greatly reduced by using inexpensive oil, such as used cooking oil [17]. Waste cooking oil can be used for biodiesel production [18]. The chosen resource should ideally be low-cost and not have high requirements, such as food material, the shell should have a low level of free fatty acids (FFA) and minimum moisture content to increase the quality of the biodiesel produced [19]. The market price of these vegetable oils grew, which became a significant issue. Due to higher raw material costs, biodiesel production costs also increased. Unprofitable manufacture of biodiesel [20]. The price of the raw material, which makes up between 60 and 80 percent of the cost of production, significantly impacts the final cost of biodiesel [21]. Because it is derived from sources other than crops, used cooking oil (UCO), or waste cooking oil (WCO), biodiesel is an advanced biofuel or second-generation biofuel (Figure 1). It exhibits potential in production costs and quality [22]. Waste cooking oil is considerably less expensive than pure, refined vegetable oil. Waste oil disposal can harm the environment and people's health. A significant benefit over refined vegetable oils and fossil fuels is using cooking oil as a cheap feedstock for creating biodiesel [23]. Thirdgeneration biofuel, made from microalgae, is a potential raw material with numerous advantages [24]. Microalgae as a source of biodiesel has several benefits over other plant biomass [25]. Even though the WCO price is low, it has a high water and impurity content, so pretreatment must be carried out before ester/transesterification processing [7]. Besides that, WCO biodiesel has disadvantages such as oxidation stability, low pour point, and flash point [26], which affect engine performance and exhaust emissions, wear and friction, and corrosion rates on materials in contact with WCO biodiesel. On the other hand, the physiochemical properties of WCO biodiesel are greatly influenced by the origin of the oil, frying temperature, water content, and the type of catal (...truncated)