LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF METAPHORS IN THE LANGUAGE OF TURKISH SOURCES

Volume 1, Issue 6 | 2024 Journal of Learning on History and Social Sciences ISSN : 3032-1123 https://doi.org/10.61796/ejheaa.v1i6.614 LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF METAPHORS IN THE LANGUAGE OF TURKISH SOURCES (Based on the work "Qutadg 'u bilig") Abdujabbarova Feruza Abdunazarovna Uzbekistan, Assistant professor of Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizomi, candidate of philological sciences Received: Apr 22, 2024; Accepted: May 29, 2024; Published: Jun 13, 2024; Abstract: In the article, the linguistic and cultural characteristics of metaphors in the language of Turkish sources are covered based on the work "Qutadg ʼu bilig". The author states that metaphor is a means of shaping the linguistic landscape of the world, like linguistic units that bring nominative and communicative goals closer together. However, this tool, unlike others, serves to create new concepts using pre-existing meanings in the language system. Therefore, metaphor not only serves to ensure the existence of meaning, but is also a mechanism of formation of this meaning and a means of its transmission in the process of communication. Keywords: Turkish Sources, Metaphor, Linguo-Cultural, "Qutadgʼu Bilig" Work, Communicative Purpose, Linguistic Unity, New Concept. This is an open-acces article under the CC-BY 4.0 license Introduction In world linguistics, the question of the interpretation of the meanings of words, the concepts they represent, in particular, the study of metaphor based on analogy, implies the understanding of the anthropocentric nature of the metaphor and the names it creates in philosophical, logical, psychological, neurolinguistic terms. causes the need to examine its aspects in the scope of metaphorology. Linguistic metaphors are a phenomenon related to the development of language, "since such metaphors mainly perform the function of calling, naming, they do not have stylistic color, expressiveness, and therefore, subjective meaning is not expressed in relation to the subject of speech they represent"[7]. Our linguists shared their opinions about the difference between metaphor and simile construction[1]. The following differences are mainly listed in them. In a metaphor, words always have a figurative meaning. LITERATURE REVIEW It is known that the concept interpreted in the name of metaphor in linguistics is known as metaphor or tropes in literary studies, metaphor in classical literature. Scientific research on this topic is being conducted in both areas. For example, M.Yoldashev[7], D.Khudoyberganova[11], M.Mukarramov[8], Sh.Safarov's[9] important works on the phenomenon of metaphor can be cited. A simple metaphor is a view of the formation of a derived meaning based on a simple comparison and simile of the referents of the generating and derived meaning. For example, the https://journal.silkroad-science.com/index.php/ejheaa - 65 Journal of Learning on History and Social Sciences Volume 1, Issue 6 | 2024 lexical meaning of the word "gate" means a building complex that enters the yard, and it means a building where the ball is entered in a football game. Simple metaphors cannot be called reduced similes, they are mainly observed within the framework of noun and verb word groups. That is, simple metaphors are based on the direct analogy of the generating and derivative subject referents, such as a kind of external sign, the function of action and state feature [9]. Currently, the development of world science, especially the development of Uzbek linguistics, the long-term experience of examining the metaphor showing the rich potential of the Uzbek language in relation to the whole-part, is to examine it on the basis of the principle of part-to-whole rather than whole-to-part. showing the need for learning. Metaphor, like other linguistic units that approximate nominative and communicative goals, is a means of shaping the linguistic landscape of the world. However, this tool, unlike others, serves to create new concepts using existing meanings in the language system. Therefore, metaphor does not only serve to ensure the existence of meaning, but is also a mechanism of formation of this meaning and a means of its transmission in the process of communication[10]. In general, metaphor serves as a bridge from the known (familiar) to the unknown (unfamiliar). Anthropocentric metaphors are metaphors directly related to the internal and external qualities of a person. No matter how colorful these metaphors are, at the center of them is a person. In the literature on linguistic and cultural studies, metaphors are placed on the same line as proverbs, phrases, similes, which are considered the main linguistic and cultural units of the language[8]. Who conducted researches in linguistics and cognitive linguistics according to V.A.Maslova, "...the metaphor reflects the fundamental cultural values, because it is based on the national-cultural outlook"[4]. Similes and metaphors are very close to each other. When distinguishing them from each other, relying on the opinions and definitions of many of our scientists, metaphor is a transfer of meaning based on similarity, it has linguistic and special-author types. Results and Discussion In the language of the work "Kutadgu Bilig", metaphors occupy the main place, and through them concepts and national views are reflected. Black hair and beard are the main characteristics of a young man full of strength. Yusuf Khos Hajib expressed this situation in the work through the metaphors of a black raven and old age, and a swan. Through these metaphors, strength, enthusiasm are opposed to speed, wisdom, experience and restraint. The elder version of the swan metaphor is still used today. Nowadays: it is used to refer to a person who acts as the chairman of village citizens' assemblies and city neighborhood committees. For example, "It is the responsibility of the elder of the neighborhood to improve it [the neighborhood], to ensure peace and tranquility, to participate in large and small events" (from newspaper). In the work, the meaning of "sexually and physically mature man" (O'TIL, I, 347) is understood by the lexeme “yigit” (boy) in the epic (QB, 353). The author of the pandnoma was able to express the mentioned seme with the paraphrase “qara quzg‘un” (black raven): Yalың yүzүg erdim bүtүrdi saqal, Qara quzg‘un erdim qug‘u qыldы chal. https://journal.silkroad-science.com/index.php/ejheaa - 66 Journal of Learning on History and Social Sciences Volume 1, Issue 6 | 2024 “I was bare-faced, a beard appeared I was a black raven, a swan (that is, an old man) did it” (1084). With the help of this paraphrase, the author of the work points to the fact that in his youth, the hero had black hair, the color of a black crow, and after his age, he turned into a swan. It should be noted that based on the fact that the studied periphrasis is not recorded in any other monument, it can be recognized as one of Yusuf Khos Hajib's (...truncated)