Systematic Considerations for a Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS) Retrofits: A Review

Kapal: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Kelautan, 21 (1) (2024):61-72 i 61 Kapal: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Kelautan 2301-9069 (e) 1 829-8370 (p) (Kapal: Journal of Marine Science and Technology) journal homepage : http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/kapal Systematic Considerations for a Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS) Retrofits: A Review H) Check for updates Wanda Rulita Sari15, Gunawan Gunawan15*5 11 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 1 6424, Indonesia ') Corresponding Author: gunawanj< Article Info Abstract Keywords: IMO; Ballast Water; As a country that has more than half of the country's total territorial waters, Indonesia is highly dependent on shipping activities. Therefore, knowledge of policy updates for each ship from IMO must also be taken into account, one of which is the policy regarding the Ballast Water Management System, which requires every ship to be installed with a Ballast Water Treatment System in order to achieve the goal of a green environment in voyage areas by inhibiting the spread of microorganisms that endanger the area that is caused by ballast water. This regulatory update then creates problems, especially for ships that have been operating for a long time, because the ship has to comply with the standards for D-l and then also have to comply with the D-2 standards according to the time specified in the convention. So, this review article will discuss the solution to the issues with retrofitting ballast water treatment systems as the addition of a new system to the existing system on a ship that has sailed and pay attention to conceptual aspects consisting of considerations and operations to find the type of ballast water treatment that suits each ship's needs by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each technology type method. There is also consideration for several stages that are commonly used to determine the type of treatment, starting with assessment and planning requirements, selection of space, compliance with BWMS regulations, selection of the ballast water treatment system method, engineering drawing, installation planning, and commissioning. Apart from that, several related innovation considerations were also discussed, including the development of alternative treatment technology, which has the potential for efficiency both in operational aspects and safety standards. Based on research developments, retrofitting the Ballast Water Treatment System with the ultra-violet (UV) treatment is well known as the common treatment beside the electrolysis treatment. The results obtained show that the ultra-violet (UV) method is one of the most efficient treatments when viewed from the way it works and the time duration for the treatment process. This proves that ultra-violet treatment can produce maximum efficiency if the selection of needs and consideration of maximized aspects also exceed the safety aspect as well. Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS); Retrofits: Article history: Received: 02/02/2024 Last revised: 11 /03/2024 Accepted: 18/03/2024 Available online: 18/03/2024 Published: 18/03/2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/kapal. v21 i1.61944 Copyright © 2024 KAPAL : Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Kelautan. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license (https://creativecommons.Org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). 1. Introduction The sea is an area where various activities occur, including activities that are mostly carried out by humans, most of which include on-board activities using ships, military activities, aquatic research, and education [1]–[3], Various activities carried out in marine areas can trigger an imbalance between living creatures, especially between humans and marine biota that live in certain marine areas. One of the phenomena that causes this imbalance is on-board activity. The reason that causes this activity to be one of the contributors to the imbalance factor in the life of marine biota is the residual activity of on-board activities. The residual activities refer to the results of the on-board activity process, where in general, the ship has a system to maintain its balance when facing sea currents while sailing. This system is a ballast system, and the policy regarding this system has undergone several changes with the aim of maintaining the continuity of life and diversity of marine biota. This is caused by several risks arising from the ballast water exchange process, such as accidental marine translocations, in the results of the risk assessment carried out by Barry et al. [4] using species specification and environmental similarity methods to produce low-risk to high-risk scenarios. Kapal: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Kelautan, 21 (1) (2024):61-72 62 Several risks arising from ballast exchange activities were also explained by Darling et al. [5], where the exchange of water ballast can be the cause of unintentional marine translocation and the introduction of environmentally significant species that may be invasive in the water area where the ballast exchange is located. Ballast water exchange itself is a concept launched by IMO [6] through the Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC) as a concept update at the 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water named as D-l standard, with the provision that ships can carry out ballast water exchange as far as possible from the coastal area with a minimum distance of 50 nautical miles in waters with a minimum depth of 200 m and an efficiency of at least 95 percent volumetric. Kurniawan et al. [7] explained other risks through his research on the application of ballast water treatment on-dock, which then produces environmental impacts, including the result of the exchange of ballast water, which carries foreign macroorganisms and microorganisms as well as chemicals that are harmful to the port receiving the ballast water when it is discharged. Werschkun et al. [8] also stated that exposure to chemicals resulting from ballast exchange can be a factor that has a significant impact on ecosystems and genetic damage to natural biota, thus affecting the reproductive success of biota, which has the impact of reducing biodiversity. To overcome these risks, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) recently developed the regulations regarding the Ballast Water Treatment System which is included in Annex 5, requiring that all ships sailing internationally must be equipped with a Ballast Water Treatment System with a deadline of September 8, 2024 [9], This aims to maintain marine ecosystems so that they are not contaminated by ship waste or microorganisms that are harmful to aquatic ecosystems. This regulation has been initiated since 2017 by IMO [10], and ships built in 2017 after the policy was launched must be equipped with a standard D2 Ballast Water Treatment System that must be approved to reduce the number of or (...truncated)