Problems with the Institutional Form of the Implementing Agency of Social Security in Indonesia

JURNAL HUKUM IUS QUIA IUSTUM, (2024), pp. 128-150 ISSN 0854-8498 (Print) 2527-502X (Online) Available online 25 Maret 2024 https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol31.iss1.art6 Problems with the Institutional Form of the Implementing Agency of Social Security in Indonesia Ayunita Nur Rohanawati* Doctoral Student Faculty of Law Universitas Gadjah , ORCID ID 0000-0003-3564-3711 Mada, Mailinda Eka Yuniza Administrative Law Department Faculty of Law Universitas Gadjah Mada, , ORCID ID 0000-0001-8086-2177 Abstract. The administration of social security in Indonesia is entrusted to two newly formed institutions as mandated by Law Number 40 of 2004 concerning National Social Security System, namely BPJS for Health and BPJS for Employment. The basis for the operation of these two institutions is Law Number 24 of 2011 concerning the Implementing Agency of Social Security. These two bodies are public legal entities that were formed from the transition to the previous form of a limited liability company, namely PT Jamsostek (persero) and PT Askes (persero). The new form of the social security implementing agency as mentioned creates problems that need to find solutions to various problems that occur. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to find out what are the problems with the institutional forms of the Implementing Agency of Social Security in Indonesia. The method used in this research is to use juridical, namely by examining the legal materials, both primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials used. The approach used is a statutory approach and a comparative approach. The research results show that there are problems that arise in the institutions administering social security in Indonesia. These problems are related to the governance of the agency, from the formation process, changes in characteristics from a limited liability company to a public legal entity, the failure to merge social security administering bodies as contained in Law Number 24 of 2011 concerning Social Security Administering Bodies and related to employment aspects in the social security administration body. Keywords: Agency of Social Security; Institutional Form; National Social Security System. Abstrak. Penyelenggaraan jaminan sosial di Indonesia dipercayakan kepada dua lembaga yang baru dibentuk sebagaimana diamanatkan Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2004 tentang Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional, yaitu BPJS Kesehatan dan BPJS Ketenagakerjaan. Landasan implementasi kedua lembaga tersebut yakni Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2011 tentang Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial. Keduanya merupakan badan hukum publik yang terbentuk dari peralihan bentuk perseroan terbatas sebelumnya yaitu PT Jamsostek (persero) dan PT Askes (persero). Bentuk baru lembaga penyelenggara jaminan sosial sebagaimana disebutkan di atas menimbulkan permasalahan yang perlu dicari solusinya terhadap berbagai permasalahan yang terjadi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui permasalahan yang terdapat pada bentuk kelembagaan Badan Pelaksana Jaminan Sosial di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode yuridis, yaitu dengan meneliti bahan-bahan hukum, baik bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, maupun bahan hukum tersier yang digunakan. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat permasalahan yang muncul pada lembaga penyelenggara jaminan sosial di Indonesia. Permasalahan tersebut terkait dengan tata kelola lembaga, mulai dari proses pembentukan, perubahan ciri dari perseroan terbatas menjadi badan hukum publik, tidak adanya penggabungan badan penyelenggara jaminan sosial sebagaimana tertuang dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2011 tentang Badan Penyelenggaraan Jaminan Sosial dan terkait aspek ketenagakerjaan pada badan penyelenggara jaminan sosial. Kata Kunci: Badan Jaminan Sosial; Bentuk Kelembagaan; Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional. Submitted: 8 Desember 2023 | Reviewed: 24 Januari 2024 | Revised: 1 Februari 2024 | Accepted: 15 Februari 2024 Published by the Universitas Islam Indonesia (Indonesia). © The Author(s), 2024. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). 129 | Problems With The Institutional Form Of The Implementing Agency Of Social Security In Indonesia INTRODUCTION The history of social security in the world began in 1883, during the reign of Chancellor Bismarck in Germany. This was preceded by providing certain social security for workers, which was by the needs of industrialization at that time. 1 Social security in Germany was later referred to as the Bismarckian social security model, where this social security model was adopted by Indonesia and implemented in Indonesia. The most basic basis for the implementation of social security is the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Social security is a citizen's right regulated in Article 34 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which reads “The state shall develop a system of social security for all of the people and shall empower the inadequate and underprivileged in society in accordance with human dignity”. This means that the implementation of social security is the government's responsibility as the state's organizer. Departing from the history of social security in Indonesia, in 1949 the implementation of social security in Indonesia began to be intensified, especially for civil servants and their families.2 At that time, the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, GA Siwabessy made an idea related to the implementation of a universal health insurance program which was widely implemented in developed and rapidly developing countries. 3 Membership, which at that time was still limited, later expanded with the issuance of Minister of Health Regulation Number 1 of 1968 by forming the Health Administration and Maintenance Agency (BDPPK). The participants in this social security are state employees and pensioners and their families.4 1 Ahmad Nizar Shihab, “Hadirnya Negara di Tengah Rakyatnya Pasca Lahirnya Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2011 tentang Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial,” Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 9, no. 2 (2012): 175–90, https://ejurnal.peraturan.go.id/index.php/jli/article/download/384/264. 2 BPJS Kesehatan, “Sejarah Perjalanan Jaminan Sosial di Indonesia,” n.d., https://www.bpjskesehatan.go.id/bpjs/pages/detail/2013/4. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid. JURNAL HUKUM IUS QUIA IUSTUM 31:1 (2024), pp. 128-150 | 130 Previously, in 1947 the government also issued regulations related to work accidents. This rule is Law Number 33 of 1947 which regulates the Payment of Compensation to workers who get Accidents Related to Work Relations. Rules related to social security protection for workers experienced dynamics until regulation (...truncated)