Climate change and international scientific and technological cooperation

Anuario mexicano de derecho internacional, Jan 2025

Most scientific articles related to climate change begin with data on the historical evolution of greenhouse gas emissions, the evolution of global warming and its effects, with catastrophic projections in the short and medium term if drastic measures to reduce emissions are not adopted.They present serious scientific data, based on the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, based on which they make their projections, the most worrying being “the point of irreversible climate change” or “the threshold of climate danger”, at which time humans will be able to do nothing to prevent the progressive deterioration of life on earth derived from its constant warming ; as well as the tensions between the interests of humanity and the chrematistics, “... Let’s be more precise. A climate genocide is taking place, but it is not climate change that is destroying humanity, but those responsible for it, because they are also responsible for the effects of it” “The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Rio 1992) seemed to be the beginning of humanity’s awareness of such a serious phenomenon, but since that date the large corporations have refused to provide substantive collaboration and the industrialized countries, in which their headquarters are based, have refused to conclude satisfactory binding agreements. Developing countries have not received the technological cooperation they require to be able to continue producing without serious emissions. A certain global advance took place at COP 21 Paris and COP 28 Dubay, but without consolidating the required international solidarity. So many announcements and international declarations full of drama and lack of concrete commitments recall the popular Tale Peter and the Wolf.This essay briefly analyzes international commitments, merits and shortcomings, with special reference to international scientific and technological cooperation, the difficulties caused to developing countries by a system of patents and technological secrets that, by making the use of cutting-edge technology more expensive, prevents them from protecting their territories and populations from the effects of climate change, and, in addition, to contribute to the world to the reduction or elimination of polluting emissions. It concludes by proposing that Mexico develop more solid policies in international negotiations on scientific and technological cooperation, especially on the eve of the adaptation program foreseen in the T-MEC for 2026.Keywords : climate change; environment; scientific and technological cooperation; intellectual property and the environment.

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Climate change and international scientific and technological cooperation

Cambio climático y cooperación internacional científico-tecnológica Climate change and international scientific and technological cooperation Changement climatique et coopération scientifique et technologique internationale Rafael J. Pérez Miranda https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2465-946X Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. México Correo electrónico: Recepción: 23 de julio de 2024 Aceptación: 5 de marzo de 2025 Publicación: 19 de marzo de 2025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/iij.24487872e.2025.25.19368 Resumen: La mayoría de los artículos científicos relacionados con el cambio climático inician con datos sobre la evolución histórica de la emisión de gases con efecto invernadero, la evolución del calentamiento global y sus efectos, así como con proyecciones catastróficas en el corto y mediano plazo si no se adoptan medidas drásticas de reducción de emisiones. También presentan datos científicos serios, basados en los informes del Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climático, con base en los cuales realizan sus proyecciones. Una de estas, la más preocupante, es “el punto de cambio climático irreversible” o “el umbral de peligro climático”, un momento en el cual la humanidad no podrá hacer nada para evitar el progresivo deterioro de la vida en la tierra, derivado de su constante calentamiento.1 De igual modo se señalan las tensiones entre los intereses de la humanidad y los crematísticos, pues “Se está produciendo un genocidio climático, 1 Foster, John Bellamy y Clark, Brett, El robo de la naturaleza; el capitalismo y la fractura ecológica, trad. de Javiera Mondaca, Manresa, Bellaterra Edicions, 2023, pp. 313 y ss. Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional, vol. 25, núm. 25, 2025, e19368 e-ISSN 2448-7872 Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 1 de 41 pero no es el cambio climático el que está acabando con la humanidad, sino sus responsables, pues ellos son también responsables de los efectos del mismo”.2 El Convenio Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (Río 1992) parecía ser el inicio de toma de conciencia de la humanidad sobre tan grave fenómeno. Sin embargo, a partir de esa fecha las grandes corporaciones se han negado a prestar una colaboración sustantiva; mientras que los países industrializados, en los cuales tienen sede sus matrices, se han negado a concertar acuerdos vinculantes satisfactorios. Los países en desarrollo no han recibido la cooperación tecnológica que requieren para poder seguir produciendo sin emisiones graves. Un cierto avance global se produjo en la Conferencia de las Partes (COP) de París y en la COP 28 Dubái, pero sin consolidarse la solidaridad internacional requerida. Tantos anuncios y declaraciones internacionales, plenas de dramatismo y faltas de compromisos concretos, recuerdan el popular cuento de Pedro y el lobo. Este ensayo analiza sucintamente los compromisos internacionales, sus méritos y carencias, con especial referencia a la cooperación científico-tecnológica internacional. También se consideran las dificultades que provocan a los países en desarrollo un sistema de patentes y secretos tecnológicos, que, al encarecer el uso de la tecnología de punta, les impide proteger a sus territorios y poblaciones de los efectos del cambio climático y, además, aportar al mundo su contribución a la disminución o eliminación de las emisiones contaminantes. El texto concluye con la propuesta de que México desarrolle políticas más sólidas en las negociaciones internacionales en materia cooperación científico-tecnológica, en especial en vísperas del programa de adecuación previsto en el T-MEC para 2026. Palabras clave: cambio climático; medio ambiente; cooperación científica y tecnológica; propiedad intelectual y medio ambiente. Abstract: Most scientific articles related to climate change begin with data on the historical evolution of greenhouse gas emissions, the evolution of global warming and its effects, with catastrophic projections in the short and medium term if drastic measures to reduce emissions are not adopted. They present serious scientific data, based on the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, based on which they make their projections, the most worrying being “the point of irreversible climate change” or “the threshold of climate danger”, at which time humans will be able to do nothing to prevent the progressive deterioration of life on earth derived from its constant warming ; as well as the tensions between the interests of humanity and the chrematistics, “... Let’s be more precise. A climate genocide is taking place, but it is not climate change that is destroying humanity, but those responsible for it, because they are also responsible for the effects of it” “The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Rio 1992) seemed to be the beginning of humanity’s awareness of such a serious phenomenon, but since that date the large corporations have refused to provide substantive collaboration and the industrialized countries, in which their headquarters are based, have refused to conclude satisfactory binding agreements. Developing countries have not received the technological coopera2 Lizoain, David, Crimen climático; cómo el calentamiento global está provocando un genocidio, Madrid, Debate, 2023, p. 11. 2 de 41 Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional, vol. 25, núm. 25, 2025, e19368 Rafael J. Pérez Miranda Cambio climático y cooperación internacional científico-tecnológica e-ISSN 2448-7872 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/iij.24487872e.2025.25.19368 Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional tion they require to be able to continue producing without serious emissions. A certain global advance took place at COP 21 Paris and COP 28 Dubay, but without consolidating the required international solidarity. So many announcements and international declarations full of drama and lack of concrete commitments recall the popular Tale Peter and the Wolf. This essay briefly analyzes international commitments, merits and shortcomings, with special reference to international scientific and technological cooperation, the difficulties caused to developing countries by a system of patents and technological secrets that, by making the use of cutting-edge technology more expensive, prevents them from protecting their territories and populations from the effects of climate change, and, in addition, to contribute to the world to the reduction or elimination of polluting emissions. It concludes by proposing that Mexico develop more solid policies in international negotiations on scientific and technological cooperation, especially on the eve of the adaptation program foreseen in the T-MEC for 2026. Keywords: climate change; environment; scientific and technological cooperation; intellectual property and the environment. Ré (...truncated)


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Rafael J. Pérez Miranda. Climate change and international scientific and technological cooperation, Anuario mexicano de derecho internacional, 2025, Volume 25, DOI: 10.22201/iij.24487872e.2025.25.19368