Imported Case of Acute Respiratory Tract Infection Associated with a Member of Species Nelson Bay Orthoreovirus

et al. (2014) Imported Case of Acute Respiratory Tract Infection Associated with a Member of Species Nelson Bay Orthoreovirus. PLoS ONE 9(3): e92777. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092777 Imported Case of Acute Respiratory Tract Infection Associated with a Member of Species Nelson Bay Orthoreovirus Atsushi Yamanaka 0 1 Akira Iwakiri 0 1 Tomoki Yoshikawa 0 1 Kouji Sakai 0 1 Harpal Singh 0 1 Daisuke Himeji 0 1 Ikuo Kikuchi 0 1 Akira Ueda 0 1 Seigo Yamamoto 0 1 Miho Miura 0 1 Yoko Shioyama 0 1 Kimiko Kawano 0 1 Tokiko Nagaishi 0 1 Minako Saito 0 1 Masumi Minomo 0 1 Naoyasu Iwamoto 0 1 Yoshio Hidaka 0 1 Hirotoshi Sohma 0 1 Takeshi Kobayashi 0 1 Yuta Kanai 0 1 Takehiro Kawagishi 0 1 Noriyo Nagata 0 1 Shuetsu Fukushi 0 1 Tetsuya Mizutani 0 1 Hideki Tani 0 1 Satoshi Taniguchi 0 1 Aiko Fukuma 0 1 Masayuki Shimojima 0 1 Ichiro Kurane 0 1 Tsutomu Kageyama 0 1 Takato Odagiri 0 1 Masayuki Saijo 0 1 Shigeru Morikawa 0 1 Krzysztof Pyrc, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland 0 Current address: Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Fuchu, Tokyo , Japan 1 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital , Miyazaki, Miyazaki , Japan , 2 Department of Microbiology, Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment , Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan, 3 Special Pathogens Laboratory , Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Musashimurayama, Tokyo , Japan , 4 Nichinan Public Health Office of Miyazaki Prefecture , Nichinan, Miyzakaki, Japan, 5 Miyazaki City Public Health Office, Miyazaki, Miyazaki , Japan , 6 Health Promotion Division, Miyazaki Prefecture Government , Miyazaki, Miyazaki , Japan , 7 Laboratory of Viral Replication, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka , Japan , 8 Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Musashimurayama, Tokyo , Japan , 9 Influenza virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Musashimurayama, Tokyo , Japan , 10 Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Shinjuku, Tokyo , Japan A Japanese man suffered from acute respiratory tract infection after returning to Japan from Bali, Indonesia in 2007. Miyazaki-Bali/2007, a strain of the species of Nelson Bay orthoreovirus, was isolated from the patient's throat swab using Vero cells, in which syncytium formation was observed. This is the sixth report describing a patient with respiratory tract infection caused by an orthoreovirus classified to the species of Nelson Bay orthoreovirus. Given the possibility that all of the patients were infected in Malaysia and Indonesia, prospective surveillance on orthoreovirus infections should be carried out in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, contact surveillance study suggests that the risk of human-to-human infection of the species of Nelson Bay orthoreovirus would seem to be low. - Funding: This study was financially supported by Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare Science Research Grant(s) (H22-Shinko-Ippan-006, H24-Shinko-Ippan-006, and H25-Shinko-Ippan-004). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. . These authors contributed equally to this work. Genus Orthoreovirus is one of 15 current genera in Family Reoviridae comprises nonenveloped virus with segmented double stranded (ds) RNA genomes that are taxonomically classified into 15 genera, each containing 10 genome segments. Orthoreoviruses have been isolated from a variety of mammalian, avian, reptilian, and piscine hosts. Orthoreoviruses are divided into the fusogenic and nonfusogenic subgroups, based on the ability of the virus to induce cell-to-cell fusion and syncytium formation [1]. The majority of orthoreoviruses are fusogenic, including avian, baboon, reptilian and Nelson Bay orthoreoviruses; while the mammalian and piscine orthoreoviruses (MRV) are nonfusogenic. In humans, MRV infections are common, but are usually asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic [1,2]. In the last decade, however, several orthoreoviruses, which seem to have originated in fruit bats including the grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) and small flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus), have been identified as causative agents for respiratory tract infection (RTI) in Malaysia and Indonesia [36]. Another orthoreovirus, Xi River virus, was isolated from fruit bats in the Peoples Republic of China, although the virus was not demonstrated to be an agent for RTI in humans [7]. These orthoreoviruses including Pulau virus, which was isolated from Pteropus hypomelanus urine samples from Tioman Island, an island locates off the eastern shore of Malaysia [8] and Xi River virus [7], were genetically and antigenetically related to Nelson Bay orthoreovirus, which was isolated from Pteropus policephalus heart blood samples from Nelson Bay, in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia [9]. Here, we report an imported case of an RTI associated with an orthoreovirus, which is classified to the species of Nelson Bay orthoreovirus, in a patient who returned to Japan from Bali, Indonesia in November 2007. The isolate was named Miyazaki-Bali/2007. Materials and Methods Patient The patient of the present study was a 38-year-old Japanese man, who visited Bali, Indonesia in November 2007. After returning to Japan, he presented to a local hospital with high fever, joint pain, sore throat, and cough. Virus isolation and identification A throat swab specimen collected from the patient was mixed with viral transport medium, and transported to the Department of Microbiology, Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment. The throat swab sample was centrifuged for 10 min at 150006g at 4uC, and the supernatant fractions were inoculated into the monolayers of the RD-18S, HEp-2, Vero, and CaCo-2 cell lines. Cells were cultured in Eagles minimum essential medium supplemented with heat-inactivated 2% fetal bovine serum (MEM2FBS). Cell morphologies were observed daily to detect the appearance of cytopathic effect (CPE). Virological examination was also performed to assess the presence of other respiratory viruses, including highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A H5N1 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Furthermore, presence of viral RNA in the supernatant fractions of cell culture medium was evaluated by using the method, a rapid determination system of viral genome detection (RDV), as reported previously [10]. The RDV method, which was developed by our group, is a rapid method for the direct determination of viral RNA sequences without using the cDNA cloning step. Th (...truncated)