The Forgotten Provision of the Fourteenth Amendment: Section 2 and the Evolution of American Democracy
Louisiana Law Review
Volume 76 | Number 1
The Voting Rights Act at 50: The Past, Present, and
Future of the Right to Vote
A Symposium of the Louisiana Law Review
Fall 2015
The Forgotten Provision of the Fourteenth
Amendment: Section 2 and the Evolution of
American Democracy
Earl M. Maltz
Repository Citation
Earl M. Maltz, The Forgotten Provision of the Fourteenth Amendment: Section 2 and the Evolution of American Democracy, 76 La. L. Rev.
(2015)
Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol76/iss1/11
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