Development conditions and possibilities for forest villages (A case study: Western Black Sea region)

Eurasian Journal of Forest Science, Feb 2018

Abstract: One of the most significant differences between underdeveloped and developing countries is the efficient use of resources. Another important characteristic is the spread of economic development throughout the society. Improving the life quality and economic level in those living in rural areas should be seen as an important goal to ensure development. Turkey has been experiencing a rapid development process. However, the difference between regions in terms of development level is one of the greatest obstacles before development as a country. Development in rural areas is just as important for underdeveloped and developed countries as it is for developing countries. The structure of the rural in Turkey has been changing rapidly since 1980’s. While 65-70% of the population used to live in rural areas, it is quite the opposite today. 65% of the country’s population lives in cities. This has caused serious economic and social problems in cities. In Turkey, there are 3.1 million families/establishments living in rural areas and occupied with agriculture and husbandry. Those who live in forest villages have a living environment which is intertwined with forest areas. They have to engage in production in infertile and highly fragmented areas since they are mostly located in upper parts of basins. Forest villages constitute about half of rural areas in the country. In other words, one of every two villages is a forest village in rural areas. Thus, it is necessary to give forest villages priority in rural development studies. Both forestry-related studies and other rural development studies must firstly focus on forest villages. Socio-economic conditions of forest villages show variations between regions. In order to conduct successful rural development studies on forest villages, it is necessary to determine region-specific socio-economic conditions of these villages. Implementation of effective rural development projects is only possible by doing so. The purpose of this study is to determine socio-economic structures of forest villages located in the Western Black Sea Region, and reveal their development conditions and possibilities. The study involves forest villages in provinces of Bolu, Bartın, Karabük, Kastamonu, Sinop, and Zonguldak, which constitute the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. 113 villages located in the Western Black Sea Region were included in the sample in the Material and Method section of the study. Face-to-face surveys were applied to 384 families/establishments in these villages to obtain area-specific data. The data was assessed based on 22 variables using the multiple correlation analysis and the factor analysis. As a result, relationships between variables such as population, population growth rate, migration, agricultural area availability, bovine animal availability, and total fallow area were determined based on the demographic characteristics of these forest villages. Factors which stand out for the development of forest villages located in the Western Black Sea Region were collected under 7 groups. It was found to be necessary to consider the distribution of the population in terms of age groups; assess bovine breeding, fallow areas, and forage crops; improve production systems related to greenhouse cultivation and dwarf fruit cultivation; and support villages which are located in the center of their respective basin in terms of rural industry. Keywords: Forest villages, rural development, factor analysis

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Development conditions and possibilities for forest villages (A case study: Western Black Sea region)

Eurasscience Journals Eurasian Journal of Forest Science (2018) 6(1): 68-77 Development conditions and possibilities for forest villages (A case study: Western Black Sea region) Ufuk Coşgun Department of Forestry Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Karabük University, Karabük, Turkey Corresponding author: Abstract One of the most significant differences between underdeveloped and developing countries is the efficient use of resources. Another important characteristic is the spread of economic development throughout the society. Improving the life quality and economic level in those living in rural areas should be seen as an important goal to ensure development. Turkey has been experiencing a rapid development process. However, the difference between regions in terms of development level is one of the greatest obstacles before development as a country. Development in rural areas is just as important for underdeveloped and developed countries as it is for developing countries. The structure of the rural in Turkey has been changing rapidly since 1980’s. While 65-70% of the population used to live in rural areas, it is quite the opposite today. 65% of the country’s population lives in cities. This has caused serious economic and social problems in cities. In Turkey, there are 3.1 million families/establishments living in rural areas and occupied with agriculture and husbandry. Those who live in forest villages have a living environment which is intertwined with forest areas. They have to engage in production in infertile and highly fragmented areas since they are mostly located in upper parts of basins. Forest villages constitute about half of rural areas in the country. In other words, one of every two villages is a forest village in rural areas. Thus, it is necessary to give forest villages priority in rural development studies. Both forestry-related studies and other rural development studies must firstly focus on forest villages. Socio-economic conditions of forest villages show variations between regions. In order to conduct successful rural development studies on forest villages, it is necessary to determine region-specific socio-economic conditions of these villages. Implementation of effective rural development projects is only possible by doing so. The purpose of this study is to determine socio-economic structures of forest villages located in the Western Black Sea Region, and reveal their development conditions and possibilities. The study involves forest villages in provinces of Bolu, Bartın, Karabük, Kastamonu, Sinop, and Zonguldak, which constitute the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. 113 villages located in the Western Black Sea Region were included in the sample in the Material and Method section of the study. Face-toface surveys were applied to 384 families/establishments in these villages to obtain area-specific data. The data was assessed based on 22 variables using the multiple correlation analysis and the factor analysis.As a result, relationships between variables such as population, population growth rate, migration, agricultural area availability, bovine animal availability, and total fallow area were determined based on the demographic characteristics of these forest villages. Factors which stand out for the development of forest villages located in the Western Black Sea Region were collected under 7 groups. It was found to be necessary to consider the distribution of the population in terms of age groups; assess bovine breeding, fallow areas, and forage crops; improve production systems related to greenhouse cultivation and dwarf fruit cultivation; and support villages which are located in the center of their respective basin in terms of rural industry. Keywords: Forest villages, rural development, factor analysis 68 Eurasian Journal of Forest Science 6(1):68-77 (2018) Özet Az gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasındaki önemli farklılıklardan birisini de kaynakların verimli kullanılması oluşturmaktadır. Bir başka önemli yaklaşımı ise ekonomik gelişmenin topluma yayılabilmesi oluşturmaktadır. Kırsal alanda yaşayan kitlenin yaşam kalitesinin ve ekonomik düzeylerinin yükseltilmesinin sağlanması hem kalkınmayı hem de gelişmesi sağlayacak önemli bir unsur olarak görülmelidir. Türkiye’de hızla kalkınma sürecini yaşamaktadır. Ancak bölgesel ve yöresel kalkınmış düzey farklılıkları ülkenin gelişmişliğinin önündeki önemli etkenlerden birisini oluşturmaktadır. Geri kalmış ülkeler, az gelişmiş ülkeler ve gelişmiş ülkeleri için de kırsal alanda kalkınmanın yakalanması oldukça önemli bir konu olmuştur. Ülkemiz kırsal yapısı !980’lerden günümüze hızla değişmiştir. Ülke nüfusunun %65-70’i kırsal kesimde yaşarken durum tam tersine dönmüştür. Bugün ülke nüfusunun yaklaşık %65’i kentlerde yaşamaktadır. Bu beraberinde ciddi ekonomik ve sosyal sorunları kentlere taşımıştır. Türkiye kırsal keminde yaşayan ve geçimini tarım ve hayvancılıkla sağlayan 3.1 milyon aile/işletme bulunmaktadır. Kırsal kesimde yer alan orman köylülerinin ise, doğal yaşam ortamları orman alanları ile iç içedir. Yerleşim yeri konumu bakımından havzaların üst kısımlarında daha verimsiz ve çok parçalı alanlarda üretim yapmak zorundadırlar. Orman köyleri ülke kırsal kesiminin yaklaşık olarak yarısını oluşturmaktadırlar. Yani kırsal alandaki her iki köyden birisini orman köyü oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle kırsal kalkınma çalışmalarında bu kesimin öncelikle irdelenmesi gerekmektedir. Gerek ormancılık çalışmaları ve gerekse diğer kırsal kalkınma çalışmalarında orman köylerinin önceliğinin olması bir zorunluluktur. Orman köylerinin bölgesel ve yöresel olarak sosyo-ekonomik koşulları değişiklik göstermektedir. Orman köylerinde kırsal kalkınma çalışmalarının başarılı olabilmesi için; bölge ve yöre düzeyinde bu köyleri sosyo-ekonomik koşullarının saptanması gerekmektedir. Ancak bu yolla orman köylerinin kalkındırılmasına yönelik kırsal kalkınma projeleri uygulanabilecektir. Çalışmanın amacı; Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde yer alan orman içi köyleri sosyo-ekonomik yapılarını belirleyerek bu köylerin kalkındırılma koşul ve olanaklarını ortaya koymaktır. Çalışma; Batı Karadeniz bölgesini oluşturan Bolu, Bartın, Karabük, Kastamonu, Sinop ve Zonguldak illerindeki orman içi köyleri kapsamaktadır. Materyal ve Yöntem; Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde yer alan orman içi köylerden 113 köy örneklenmiştir. Alan özgün verileri; bu köylerden örneklenen 384 aile /işletme ile yüzyüze anket uygulaması yoluyla elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler 22 değişken üzerinden çoğul korelasyon analizi ve faktör analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç; orman içi köylerin demografik özelliklerden nüfus ile nüfus artış hızı, göç, tarım alanları varlığı, büyükbaş hayvan varlığı, nadas alanları miktarı vb. değişkenler arasında ilişkiler saptanmıştır. Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi orman içi köylerin kalkındırılmasında öne çıkan faktör grupları 7 başlık altında toplanmıştır. Bölge de gerçekleştirilecek kırsal kalkınma çalışmalarında nüfusun yaş gru (...truncated)


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Ufuk Coşgun. Development conditions and possibilities for forest villages (A case study: Western Black Sea region), Eurasian Journal of Forest Science, 2018, pp. 68-77, Volume 1, Issue 6,