Interplay between BRCA1 and RHAMM Regulates Epithelial Apicobasal Polarization and May Influence Risk of Breast Cancer

Interplay between BRCA1 and RHAMM Regulates Epithelial Apicobasal Polarization and May Influence Risk of Breast Cancer - Differentiated mammary epithelium shows apicobasal polarity, and loss of tissue organization is an early hallmark of breast carcinogenesis. In BRCA1 mutation carriers, accumulation of stem and progenitor cells in normal breast tissue and increased risk of developing tumors of basal-like type suggest that BRCA1 regulates stem/progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the function of BRCA1 in this process and its link to carcinogenesis remain unknown. Here we depict a molecular mechanism involving BRCA1 and RHAMM that regulates apicobasal polarity and, when perturbed, may increase risk of breast cancer. Starting from complementary genetic analyses across families and populations, we identified common genetic variation at the low-penetrance susceptibility HMMR locus (encoding for RHAMM) that modifies breast cancer risk among BRCA1, but probably not BRCA2, mutation carriers: n = 7,584, weighted hazard ratio (wHR) = 1.09 (95% CI 1.021.16), ptrend = 0.017; and n = 3,965, wHR = 1.04 (95% CI 0.941.16), ptrend = 0.43; respectively. Subsequently, studies of MCF10A apicobasal polarization revealed a central role for BRCA1 and RHAMM, together with AURKA and TPX2, in essential reorganization of microtubules. Mechanistically, reorganization is facilitated by BRCA1 and impaired by AURKA, which is regulated by negative feedback involving RHAMM and TPX2. Taken together, our data provide fundamental insight into apicobasal polarization through BRCA1 function, which may explain the expanded cell subsets and characteristic tumor type accompanying BRCA1 mutation, while also linking this process to sporadic breast cancer through perturbation of HMMR/RHAMM. Citation: Maxwell CA, Bentez J, Go mez-Baldo L, Osorio A, Bonifaci N, et al. (2011) Interplay between BRCA1 and RHAMM Regulates Epithelial Apicobasal Polarization and May Influence Risk of Breast Cancer. PLoS Biol 9(11): e1001199. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001199 Academic Editor: Alan Ashworth, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Center, United Kingdom Received June 8, 2011; Accepted October 10, 2011; Published November 15, 2011 Copyright: 2011 Maxwell et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work was funded by the Spanish Ministries of Health, and Science ane Innovation (CB07/02/2005; FIS 08/1120, 08/1359, 08/1635, and 09/02483; RTICCC RD06/0020/1060 and RD06/0020/0028; Transversal Action Against Cancer; the Spanish Biomedical Research Centre Networks for Epidemiology and Public Health, and Rare Diseases; and the Ramo n y Cajal Young Investigator Program), the Spanish National Society of Medical Oncology (2010), the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC 2010), the AGAUR Catalan Government Agency (2009SGR1489 and 2009SGR293; and the Beatriu Pino s Postdoctoral Program), the Ramo n Areces Foundation (XV), the Roses Contra el Ca`ncer Foundation, the Michael Cuccione Foundation for Childhood Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK (C490/A10119, C1287/A8874, C1287/A10118, C5047/A8385, and C8197/A10123), the National Institute for Health Research (UK), the Association for International Cancer Research (AICR-07-0454), the Ligue National Contre le Cancer (France), the Association Le cancer du sein, parlons-en!, the Dutch Cancer Society (NKI 19981854, 20043088, and 20073756), the Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (Hereditary Tumors), the Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (4017), the Italian Ministero della Salute (RFPS-2006-3-340203 and Progetto Tumori Femminili), the Italian Ministero dellUniversita e Ricerca (RBLAO3-BETH), the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT 561000), the Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Pisa (Istituto Toscano Tumori), the National Breast Cancer Foundation (Australia), the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (145684, 288704, and 454508), the Queensland Cancer Fund, the Cancer Councils of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and South Australia, the Cancer Foundation of Western Australia, the German Cancer Aid (107054), the Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (TV93), the National Cancer Institute (USA; CA128978 and CA122340), National Institutes of Health (RFA-CA-06-503, BCFR U01 CA69398, CA69417, CA69446, CA69467, CA69631, and CA69638), the Research Triangle Institute Informatics Support Center (RFP N02PC45022-46), the Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE P50 CA83638 and CA113916), the Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program (05/0612), the Eileen Stein Jacoby Fund, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, the Marianne and Robert MacDonald Foundation, the Komen Foundation, the Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Fund, the Academy of Finland (110663), the Finnish Cancer Society, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, and the EU FP7 (223175, HEALTH-F2-2009-223175). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Abbreviations: AURKA, aurora kinase A; BARD1, BRCA1-associated RING domain 1; BRCA1, breast cancer 1, early onset; CI, confidence interval; CIMBA, Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2; ER, estrogen receptor; GFP, green-fluorescent protein; HR, hazard ratio; LSAB, labelled streptavidin biotin; rBM, reconstituted basement membrane; VIM, vimentin; wHR, weighted hazard ratio; xrhamm, Xenopus receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility a Current address: Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada b Current address: Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America c Current address: Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America The mammary gland is composed of two epithelial cell lineages that form an inner apicobasal-polarized luminal layer surrounded by an outer, or basal, layer of contractile myoepithelial cells [1]. Epithelial cell subsets are likely maintained through a differentiation hierarchy supported by an estrogen receptor (ER)-negative mammary stem cell population enriched at the basal compartment [27]. Cytoskeletal structures, including actin and intermediate filament content, identify differentiated cells [8] and may therefore contribute to differentiation. For example, the organization of microtubules at adherens junctions is essential for the maintenance of cell-to-cell contacts in apicobasal-polarized epithelial [9]. This involves centrosome-dependent microtubule assembly followed by release and capture at non-centro (...truncated)