Performance of metal compound on thermolysis and electrolysis on sugar industries waste water treatment: COD and color removal with sludge analysis (batch-experiment)
Appl Water Sci (2017) 7:3065–3074
DOI 10.1007/s13201-016-0431-2
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Performance of metal compound on thermolysis and electrolysis
on sugar industries waste water treatment: COD and color
removal with sludge analysis (batch-experiment)
Omprakash Sahu1
Received: 2 March 2016 / Accepted: 17 May 2016 / Published online: 21 June 2016
Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract The sugar cane industry is one of the most water
demanding industries. Sugar industries consume and generate excess amount of water. The generated water contains
organic compounds, which would cause pollution. The aim
of this research work is to study the effectiveness of metal
compound for treatment of sugar industry waste water by
thermolysis and electrolysis process. The result shows
ferrous metal catalyst shows 80 and 85 % chemical oxygen
demand and color removal at pH 6, optimum mass loading
4 kg/m3, treatment temperature 85 °C and treatment time
9 h. When ferrous material was used as electrode, maximum 81 % chemical oxygen demand and 84 % color
removal at pH 6, current density 156 Am-2, treatment time
120 min and anode consumption 0.7 g for 1.5 L wastewater were obtained.
Keywords Catalyst Electrolysis Oxidation Metal
Sludge Thermal treatment
Introduction
In the year of 2014–15 sugarcane has been planted in 5.03
million hectares area by India (ISMA 2015). Indian sugar
consumption is forecast to rise to 27 million metric tons in
2014–15, because of continued strong domestic demand
(Aradhey 2015). Sugar industry has a significant impact on
country’s economic development. The industries have also
major contribution in increasing the water pollution
& Omprakash Sahu
1
School of Chemical and Food Engineering BiT, Bahir Dar
University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (Africa)
(Saranraj and Stella 2014). Sugar industry wastewaters are
produced mainly by cleaning operations. Washing of milling house floor, various division of boiling house like
evaporators, clarifiers, vacuum pans, centrifugation, etc.,
generates huge volume of wastewater. Also, wash water
used for filter cloth of rotary vacuum filter and periodical
cleaning of lime water and SO2 producing house becomes a
part of wastewater (Kushwaha 2013). The elemental pollutant present in the sugar industry effluents are phosphates, nitrogen in the form of nitrates, various volatile
solids, high TDS and suspended solids, various organic
pollutants with high COD level (Tripathi et al. 2014). In
proper treatment of wastewater bring unpleasant odors,
effect on flora, fauna and human health (Sahu and
Chaudhari 2015). Although all the industries function
under the strict guidelines of the Pollution Control Agencies of the country, the environmental pollution situation is
far from satisfactory especially in poor and developing
countries. Different norms and guidelines are given for all
the industries depending upon their pollution creating
aspects (Gupta and Garg 2014). Most of the major industries have treatment facilities for industrial effluents. The
treatment efficiency depends upon process and technique
adopted according to pollution level (Yadav et al. 2014).
Some methods have been already introduced to treat the
waste water by using the metals, salts and oxide or combinations of iron, aluminium copper, etc. (Shivayogimath
and Jahagirdar 2013). Among them iron is cheap, easily
available and mostly used in water and wastewater treatment (Genther and Beede 2013; Upadhyay and Mistry
2012) in coagulation process (Farajnezhad and Gharbani
2012), electrocoagulation process (Ulucan et al. 2014) and
in thermal treatment as catalyst (Verma et al. 2011). In the
literature electrocoagulation and thermolysis is more popular among environmentalists to treat the different
123
3066
Appl Water Sci (2017) 7:3065–3074
industrial wastewater like pulp and paper waste water
(Mahesh et al. 2006), textile waste water (Essadki et al.
2008), drugs waste water (Deshpande and Satyanarayan
2011), petroleum industry (Verma et al. 2011), etc. The
main aim of research work is to examine the performance
of iron metal and salt for the treatment of sugar industry
wastewater water treatment. The studies focus on effects of
initial pH, massloading and working temperature on
removal efficiency. Generated sludge has been analyzed
with settling, filtration FTIR and scanning electron
micrograph.
Materials and methods
Table 1 Physicochemical parameters of sugar industry wastewater
S. no.
Characteristics
Before treatment
1
Color
Dark yellow
2
pH change
5.5
3
COD
3682
5
Phosphate
5.9
6
Protein
43
7
Total solid
1287
8
Suspended solid
340
9
Dissolved solid
947
10
Chloride
50
11
Hardness
900
Except pH and color all values are in mg/l
Material
The waste water used for experiments was arranged from
Bhoramdev Sugar Industry Ltd. Kavardha (C.G.) India.
The characteristics of effluent are presented in Table 1.
The waste water was preserved at 4 °C untilled experiment.
Analytical grade chemical of Merck Limited, Mumbai
India, were used for analysis.
NaOH. The experiments were carried out in two different
ways which are shown in Fig. 1. Percentage of COD and
color are determined by Eq (1):
Removal ð%Þ ¼
ðX1 X2 Þ 100
;
X1
ð1Þ
where is X1 = initial value and X2 = final value.
Experimental methods
Analytical procedure
The electrocoagulation experiments were conducted for
treatment of sugar effluent in batch method. Electrochemical treatment of both anionic and cationic species is possible by using an iron plate/rod as the sacrificial electrode.
The electrode plates were cleaned manually with sandpaper
and they were treated with 15 % HCL for cleaning followed by washing with distilled water prior to their use.
The electrodes were spaced 20 mm a part. The anode and
the cathode were connected to the respective terminals of
DC power supply. Current varies from 1 to 5 A and measured with an ammeter. A voltage varies from 0 to 25 V
and measured with a voltmeter.
For the thermolysis process, a glass reactor was used for
the thermolysis experiments at atmospheric pressure. This
glass reactor (AGR) is a spherical vessel (capacity
0.5 dm3) equipped with a temperature indicator cum controller, a long vertical condenser for condensing the vapor,
and a magnetic stirrer with variable speed for stirring the
reactor contents. The temperature of the reaction mixture
during thermal pretreatment operations was maintained
between 55 and 95 °C. The amount of wastewater
(COD0 = 3682 mg/l) taken in each run was 300 ml. The
catalytic agents in desired concentration were used during
the operation. Five milliliters of the sample were withdrawn at a definite interval of time and analyzed for its
COD and color. The initial pH of the wastewater was
varied between 2 and 10 by using either 0.1 N HCl or 1 M
The COD of the samples was determined by the standard
dichromate reflux method (Holt et al. 1999). The chlorid (...truncated)
