Filosofia, etica e tecnologie alimentari: questioni etiche e teoretiche

S&F_scienzaefilosofia.it, Jun 2024

Philosophy, Ethics and Food Technologies: ethical and theoretical issues “Man is what he eats” So wrote Ludwig Feuerbach in an essay in 1862. Reflection on what we eat and the ethical issues raised by the consumption of food has constantly run through the history of Western thought, from Plato and Aristotle to the Old Testament, Luther’s exhortations, and Nietzsche with his dietary recommendations in Ecce homo. However, food ethics, in its current form, did not emerge as an independent field of study of applied ethics until the 1990s. Often, it is Ben Mepham’s 1996 text Food Ethics that is referred to as the starting point for a structured reflection on it. There are numerous topics under analysis in Food Ethics, and they concern both the production and distribution of food as well as its consumption. Browsing through the table of contents of Mepham’s text may give us an idea: world hunger and moral dilemmas; food aid and food distribution; sustainable food systems; the use of food of animal origin; the equation between food production, nutrition and health; food safety and ethical aspects; ethical analysis of food biotechnology; cultural aspects of food biotechnology; consumer freedom as an ethical practice in the food market; ethical issues in agri-food policies and food research. Almost thirty years after the publication of that volume, many of those issues are resurfacing. Advances in science and technology, however, are also handing us new possibilities to address them: cultured meat and fish, the use of 3D printers for food production, the introduction of new foods and new procedures to make them, the widespread use of AI in agribusiness, the new fields of nutrigenomics and nutraceutics. In fact, and broadening our gaze from ethical to theoretical reflection, the use of new technologies in the food sector is part of a broader process of technologisation of the world of life (and nature) that is present in various spheres. This process is culminating in the production of biohybrid organisms, in which the natural/biological and technological/artificial elements are difficult to separate. In other words, therefore, ‘in being what he eats’, through the use of various technologies, the human being is bidding farewell to dualistic and naive approaches that see a deep divide between technology and nature – thus laying the foundations for a new philosophical anthropology. Hence the profound need to understand, analyse and philosophically examine how the use of new technologies and new modes of food production and consumption are able to shape, hybridise and ultimately change the world around us. In this sense, this Dossier aims to explore the theoretical merits and preconditions behind the use of technologies in the creation of new forms of life and sustainable food practices. In this intersection of philosophy of technology, science and analysis of life-form structures, purely theoretical questions emerge: what notion of technology underpins food production in the 21st century? What concrete practices operate within the new food technologies and how do they relate to the techniques that have always characterised food production? How is it possible, de facto and de jure, to move from the use of foods considered natural to those derived from 3D printing? In other words, what notion of nature emerges from the use of new technologies in today’s food production and printing? In this dossier, we will examine, from a multi-focal perspective, both the ethical and the historical-philosophical aspects of food, in the belief that food choices attest to important characteristics of our modus essendi and our expectations of the future of humanity.

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Filosofia, etica e tecnologie alimentari: questioni etiche e teoretiche

FILOSOFIA, ETICA E TECNOLOGIE ALIMENTARI: QUESTIONI ETICHE TEORETICHE E 1. ANTROPO-GASTRO-POIESI 2. ANIMALI NON UMANI E ALIMENTAZIONE 3. LE NUOVE FRONTIERE DELL’INDUSTRIA ALIMENTARE 4. PER UNA NUOVA ANTROPO-GASTRO-POIESI ABSTRACT: PHILOSOPHY, ETHICS AND FOOD TECHNOLOGIES: ETHICAL AND THEORETICAL ISSUES “MAN IS WHAT HE EATS” So wrote Ludwig Feuerbach in an essay in 1862. Reflection on what we eat and the ethical issues raised by the consumption of food has constantly run through the history of Western thought, from Plato and Aristotle to the Old Testament, Luther’s exhortations, and Nietzsche with his dietary recommendations in Ecce homo. However, food ethics, in its current form, did not emerge as an independent field of study of applied ethics until the 1990s. Often, it is Ben Mepham’s 1996 text Food Ethics that is referred to as the starting point for a structured reflection on it. There are numerous topics under analysis in Food Ethics, and they concern both the production and distribution of food as well as its consumption. Browsing through the table of contents of Mepham’s text may give us an idea: world hunger and moral dilemmas; food aid and food distribution; sustainable food systems; the use of food of animal origin; the equation between food production, nutrition and health; food safety and ethical aspects; ethical analysis of food biotechnology; cultural aspects of food biotechnology; consumer freedom as an ethical practice in the food market; ethical issues in agri-food policies and food research. Almost thirty years after the publication of that volume, many of those issues are resurfacing. Advances in science and technology, however, are also handing us new possibilities to address them: cultured meat and fish, the use of 3D printers for food production, the introduction of new foods and new procedures to make them, the widespread use of AI in agribusiness, the new fields of nutrigenomics and nutraceutics. In fact, and broadening our gaze from ethical to theoretical reflection, the use of new technologies in the food sector is part of a broader process of technologisation of the world of life (and nature) that is present in various spheres. This process is culminating in the production of biohybrid organisms, in which the natural/biological and technological/artificial elements are difficult to separate. In other words, therefore, ‘in being what he eats’, through the use of various technologies, the human being is bidding farewell to dualistic and naive approaches that see a deep divide between technology and nature – thus laying the foundations for a new philosophical anthropology. Hence the profound need to understand, analyse and philosophically examine how the use of new technologies and new modes of food production and consumption are able to shape, hybridise and ultimately change the world around us. In this sense, this Dossier aims to explore the theoretical merits and preconditions behind the use of technologies in the creation of new forms of life and sustainable food practices. In this intersection of philosophy of technology, science and analysis of life-form structures, purely theoretical questions emerge: what notion of technology underpins food production in the 21st century? What concrete practices operate within the new food technologies and how do they relate to the techniques that have always characterised food production? How is it possible, de facto and de jure, to move from the use of foods considered natural to those derived from 3D printing? In other words, what notion of nature emerges from the use of new technologies in today’s food production and printing? In this dossier, we will examine, from a multi-focal perspective, both the ethical and the historical-philosophical aspects of food, in the belief that food choices attest to important characteristics of our modus essendi and our expectations of the future of humanity. 7 Ciascuno mangia solo ciò che si addice alla sua individualità o natura, alla sua età, al suo sesso, al suo ceto e alla sua professione, alla sua dignità L. Feuerbach Gli animali sono le principali vittime della storia, e il trattamento subito dagli animali domestici negli allevamenti intensivi è forse il crimine peggiore della storia Yuval Noah Harari Sfuggiremo all'assurdità di far crescere un pollo intero per mangiare il petto o l'ala, coltivando queste parti separatamente in un mezzo adatto W. Churchill 1. Antropo-gastro-poiesi Ludwig Feuerbach ne Il mistero del sacrificio formulava uno degli slogan filosofici di maggiore successo, destinato a essere ripetuto in maniera non di rado decontestualizzata e pretestuosa come fosse un hashtag ante litteram: l’uomo è ciò che mangia 1. Il filosofo tedesco, con questo sintagma, intendeva sottolineare la natura sensibile di anthropos. Le modifiche corporee, indotte dai diversi tipi di cibo ingeriti, determinano una modifica negli stati disposizionali, i quali a loro volta si riflettono sul modo in cui anthropos si auto-percepisce come entità individuale e collettiva. Al di là di un’adesione più o meno completa alla Weltanshauung gastro-antropologica feuerbachiana, la storia della nostra specie e degli ominidi che l’hanno preceduta è stata condizionata, in modo forse soltanto in parte ricostruibile, dalla introduzione di specifici alimenti, dalla domesticazione di piante e animali, dalla elaborazione di tecniche come la cottura. Dunque, le Rivoluzioni agricole da un lato, l’introduzione di carne nella dieta e, in seguito, la cottura di quest’ultima hanno segnato altrettante tappe evolutive e l’emergere di nuove configurazioni L. Feuerbach, L’uomo è ciò che mangia (1862), tr. it. Bollati Boringhieri, Torino 2017. 1 8 di anthropos, nei termini di nuove possibilità d’essere e nuove modalità di coniugazione con il mondo esterno 2. 2. Animali non umani e alimentazione La filosofia nasce nelle colonie greche della Ionia d’Asia per dare risposte alternative al linguaggio immaginifico del Mito e rassicurare anthropos rispetto all’inconcepibile apparire del nulla. La filosofia greca, in tal senso, nasce per anthropos e intorno ad anthropos. Nelle sue prime manifestazioni mature essa si configura come una tecnica di addomesticamento degli istinti e di stabilizzazione delle posture razionalmente fondate. In tal senso, lo sfondo animale, da cui pure anthropos proviene, viene opacizzato, fino a divenire il luogo da cui prendere le distanze in una operazione di umanizzazione dalla quale gli animali non umani, salvo rare eccezioni, emergono come gli eterni sconfitti. Il loro repertorio etologico non viene considerato degno di attenzione morale. Tutt’al più essi sono parenti da cui tenersi alla debita distanza. Il rapporto di sapiens con gli animali non umani si gioca dunque lungo le due traiettorie dello sfruttamento sistematico e della cooperazione interessata. Tuttavia, finché l’Antropocene non farà il suo ingresso nelle trame della stor (...truncated)


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AMODIO, PAOLO, LO SAPIO, LUCA, CAPORALE, TERESA. Filosofia, etica e tecnologie alimentari: questioni etiche e teoretiche, S&F_scienzaefilosofia.it, 2024, pp. 16-38, Volume 31,